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ARCH AEOLOGIA :
OR,
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS
t
RELATING TO
ANTIQUITY.
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ARCHAEOLOGIA:
OR,
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS
RELATING TO
ANTIQUITY.
PUBLISHED BY THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
VOLUME XIX.
LONDON.
PRINTED BY T. BENSLEY, CRANE COURT, FLEET STREET.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS IN SOMERSET-PLACE; AND BY MESSRS. WHITE, NORNAVILLE AND FELL, NICOL, SOTHEBY, WILSON, CADELL AND DAVIES, EGERTON,
AND TAYLOR.
MDCCCXXI.
: S IH) ^ :
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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS.
Page.
I. Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith. By
Alexander Luders, Esq. Communicated by Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P.F.R.S. . - - 1 — 10
II. Copy of a Letter from Queen Elizabeth to King James the Sixth of Scotland, in the possession of Mrs. Barker. Commu¬ nicated by the Rev. S. Weston, B.D. F.R.S. and S.A. 11 — 12
III. An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
By Roger Wilbraham, Esq. F.R.S. and S. A. Commu¬ nicated in a Letter to Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F. R.S. 13 — 42
IV. An Account of a Stone Barrow, in the Parish of' Wellow, at Stoney Littleton in the County of Somerset, which was opened and investigated in the Month of May 1816. Communicated
by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart. F.S.A. - - - - 43— 48
V. An Account of two Seals attached to a Deed of the Twelfth
Century , granted by the Prior and Convent of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield. By Richard Powell, A I.D. F.S.A. In a Letter to William George Maton, M.D. F.R.S. and S.A. - - . 49 — 55
VI. An Account of some Antiquities found at Fulbourn in Cambridge¬
shire, in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary ; by the Rev. E. J). Clarke, L.L.D. Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge. ----- 56 — 61
VI
CONTENTS.
Page,
VI
*
Copy of an Order made by Cardinal Wolsey , as Lord Chanr cellor, 7'espectmg the Management of the Affairs of the young Earl of Oxford. Communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary , in a Letter to Matthew Raper, Esq.
V.P. F.R.S. . - - - - - 69,-65
VII. Observations on the Seal of Evesham Abbey in Worcestershire.
By William Hamper, Esq. Communicated in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary - - - . 66 — 69
V 1 11. Some Observations on an Antique Bas-relief on which the Evil Eye , or Fascinum , is represented. By James Millingen,
Esq. F.S.A. ------ . 70 — 74
IX. Observations on the Site of the Priory of Halywell in Warwick¬ shire, a Cell to Roucester Abbey in the County of Stafford.
By William Hamper, Esq. Ln a Letter addressed to
H enry Ellis, Esq. F.R.'S. Secretary. ------ 75 — 78
X. Account of the Lottery of 1567, being the first upon Record,
in a Letter from William Bray, Esq. Treasurer, addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. ------ 79 — 87
XI. Observations on an Historical Fact supposed to be established by the Bayeux Tapestry. By Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S.
[ Secretary. -------------- - 88 — 95
XH. Observations on a Roman Encampment near East Hempstead, in Berkshire. By John Narrien, Esq. of the Royal Mili¬ tary College at Sandhurst. In a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq.
F. R. S. Secretary. - -- -- -- -- -- - 95 — 98
XIII. Further Observations on the Bas-relief supposed to represent
the Evil Eye. By the Rev. Stephen Weston, B. D. F. R. S.
In a Letter to the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. F.R.S.
President. - - . ____ 99 — joi
Observations on an ancient Celt found near Boston in Lincoln¬ shire. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
G. C.B. P.R.S. - - . - - 102—104
CONTENTS.
VII
Pape.
XV. Copy of a Letter to Sir Robert Atkyns, Knight of the Bath ,
Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer , and Speaker of the House of Lords in the reign of King William , from his brother Sir Edward Atkyns , who was also Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Written from London during the Fire 1666, to his Brother at Sapperton, his residence in Gloucestershire. Com¬ municated by the Rev. Stephen Weston, B. D. F. R. S. 105 — 108
XVI. An Account of' some Anglo-Saxon Pennies found at Dorking
in Surrey. Communicated by Taylor Combe, Esq. Sec. R. S. Director. . 1 09 — 1 1 9
XVII. Observations on the Body -Armour anciently zoom in
England. By Samuel Rush Meyricr, LL.D. in a Letter addressed 'to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. - 120 — 145
XVIII. Communication of the Seal and Style of the Master and Chaplains of' the Savoy Hospital in the Strand. By William Bray, Esq. Treasurer , in a Letter to Samuel Lysons, Esq.
Vice President, 8$c. 8$c. . - 146 — 148
XIX. Six Original Letter's addressed from Persons high, in the
State , in the Years 1647 and 1648, to Col. Hammond, Go¬ vernor of the Isle of Wight, chief y relating to the intended Escape of King Charles the First from the Castle of' Caris- brook. Communicated by Taylor Combe, Esq. F. R. S. Director. - -- -- - - . 149 — 155
XX. Observations on a Fragment of a very ancient Greek Alarm- ■
script on Papyrus, together with some Sepulchral Inscriptions from Nubia, lately received by the Earl of Mountnorris, in a Letter from Thomas Young, M.D. F.R.S. addressed to Taylor Combe, Esq. F.R.S. Director. - - - - 156 — 160
XXI. An Account of a Chain of ancient Fortresses, extending through the South - Western part of Gloucestershire. By Tho. John Lloyd Baker, Esq. F.S.A. Communicated
by William Bray, Esq. Treasurer. ------ i6l- — 175
viu
CONTENTS.
Page.
XXII. Account of further Discoveries of the Remains of a Roman Villa at Bignor in Sussex. By Samuel Lysons, Esq.
V.P. F.R.S. - - - - . . 176—177
XXIII. Account of the Remains of a Roman Villa discovered in the Parish of Great Witcombe in the County of Gloucester. By Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.R.S. - - - - - 178 183
XXIV. Some Observations on the Bayeux Tapestry. By Mr.
Charles Stothard, in a Letter addressed to Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.R.S. - - - - - - ■ ~ 134 191
XXV. A Defence of the early Antiquity of the Bayeux Tapestry.
By Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.- - - - - 1 92 — 208
XXVI. Observations on the antient Military Garments formerly
worn in England. By Samuel Kush Me y rick, LL. D. in a Letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. 209 240
XXVII. Observations , tending to show , that the following Document , which was published by Selden , in his “ Titles of Honour , 5 is Supposititious. By George Chalmers, Esq. F. R. S. and S. A. Communicated in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq.
F.R.S. Secretary. - -- -- -- -- -- 241 *252
XX VIII. Observations on some Ruins recently exposed in St . Martin s- le- Grand, in clearing the Ground for a new Post-Office. By J. B. Gardiner, Esq. In a Letter addressed to Alexander Chalmers, Esq. F.S.A. - - - - - - - - ~ 253 262
XXIX. An Account of the Confinement of Henry Wriothesley,
Earl of Southampton , by Order of Queen Elizabeth , in 1570, first at the house of Alderman Becher in London , and then at Loseley in Surrey , the seat of IV m. More , Esq. ( afterwards Sir Wm.) taken from Original Papers there preserved , and now in the possession of James More Mofyneux, Esq. the represen¬ tative of that Family (1819.) Communicated by W m . Bray, Esq. Treasurer. . ------- - 263 269
CONTENTS.
ix
Page.
XXX. Copy of a Survey of the Priory of Bridlington, in Yorkshire,
taken about the 32d Year of Henry VIII. Communicated by John Caley, Esq. F.S.A. Keeper of the Records in the Chapter - House at Westminster: in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F. R. S. Secretary. . 270 — 2 75
XXXI. A Dissertation on the Lotus of Antiquity. ByY. Duppa, Esq.
LL.B. F.S.A. . a - - - 276—282
XXXII. Extracts from “ The Booke of the howshold Charges and other Paiments laid out by the L. North and his commandement : beginning the first day of January 1 575, and the 1 8 yere of' Queen Elizabeth. Communicated by William Stevenson, Esq. of Norwich, F.S.A. in a Letter ^oThomasAmyot, Esq .F.S.A. 283 — 301 XXXIII. An Inquiry concerning the Kings of the East Angles, from the Murder of Ethelbert in 79 2, to the Accession of Edmund the Martyr in 8 55. By Thomas Amyot, Esq. F. S. A. in a Letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. - 302 — 307
XXXIV. An Account of some Discoveries made in taking down the old Bridge over the River Teign , and in excavating the Ground to the Depth of fifteen Feet five Inches below the Surface of the Water . By P. T. Taylor, Esq. Communicated by Samuel
Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.R.S. . 308— 313
XXXV . An Account of an unprinted English Poem, written in the early Part of the fourteenth Century , by Richard de Hampole , and entitled u Stimulus Conscientice ,” or “ The Prick of Con¬ science. ’ By Joseph Brooks Yates, Esq. Communicated to the Society by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. - 314 — 334
XXXVI. On the Lorica Catena of the Romans. By Samuel Rush Meyrick, LL.D. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F. R. S. Secretary. - - - - 335 — 352
XXXVII. Observations on the Use of the Alysterious Figure, called Vesica Piscis, in the Architecture of the Middle Ages , and in Gothic Architecture. By T. Kerrich, M.A. F.S.A. Principal Librarian to the University of Cambridge. ----- 353 — 353
YOL. XIX. b
X
CONTENTS.
Paje,
XXXVIII. On the large Silver Coins of Syracuse: Richard
Payne Knight, Esq. V.P. - -- -- -- - 369 — 378
XXXIX. The Runic Inscription on the Font at Bridekirk considered , and a new Interpretation proposed ; by William Hamper, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq.
F.R.S. Secretary. . - 379 — 382
XL. On the Posts anciently placed on each side of the Gates of Chief Magistrates of Cities in England. By John Adey Repton,
Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary - -- -- -- -- -- - 383 — 385
XL1. On the Lituus of the ancient Romans ; shewmg that this name had a two-fold signification ; being used to denote a sign of the highest Priesthood , and also an Augural Staff ; but that the whole Series of numismatic writers have considered it as applicable solely to the latter : together with some other observations , in illus¬ tration of a Jasper Intaglia Signet , bearing the sacrificial symbols of the Roman Pontifex Maximus ; and recently discovered under remarkable circumstances in Cambridge. By Edward Daniel Cla rre, LL. D. Member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin ; Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge ; Libra¬ rian of the University , 8$c. &$c. Communicated by the Rev.
, T. Kerrich, M. A. F.S.A. Principal Librarian of the Uni¬
versity of Cambridge - -- -- -- -- -- 386 — 404
Appendix . _____ 405 — 413
Presents to the Society - -- -- . 414 — 428
Index . . - 429 — 438
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate.
Page.
I. Plan and Section of a Stone Barrow in the Parish of
Wellow, Somersetshire - - * .
II. South East Entrance to the Barrow .
III. Section of the Barrow from N. E. to S. W. .
IV. Roman Antiquities found at Fulbourn, and in a Tumulus
called Hay-hill in Cambridgeshire - .
V. Seal of Evesham Abbey, Worcestershire .
VI. Antique Bas-relief, on which the Evil Eye, or Fascinum, is
represented . -
VII. Plan of the Remains of a Roman Encampment, near East
Hempstead, Berks - -- . .
VIII. Ancient Celt found near Boston in Lincolnshire : with
the probable manner of fitting it --------
IX.
X.
^Anglo-Saxon Pennies, found at Dorking in Surrey
IX. *4 Fragments of Greek Manuscripts, and Sepulchral Inscrip-
X. * J tions, from Nubia - -- -- .
XI. Plan of the Entrenchment at Uley Bury, Gloucestershire
XII. Extract from Taylor’s Map of Gloucestershire - - - -
XIII. Plan of a Roman Villa discovered at Bignor in Sussex -
XIV. Plan of the Remains of a Roman Villa discovered in 1818,
at the Parish of Great Witcombe in Gloucestershire
48
48
48
60
68
74
98
104
118
160
174
174
176
182
xii LIST OF PLATES.
Plate. Page.
XV. Ruins in St. Martin’s-le-Grand . 262
XVI. Views of Teign Bridge . 312
XVII. Plan of Teign Bridge. Denbury Down. Castle Dike
in Ugbrooke Park - -- -- . 312
XVIII. Encampment on Milberdown, with Section. View
and Plan of Castle Field --------- 312
XIX. Centre Arch of the Red Bridge over the Teign - - 312
XX — XXXIV. Plans of Churches, &c. in illustration of the use of the Figure called Vesica Piscis, in the Archi¬ tecture of the Middle Ages . 368
XXXV. Inscription on the Bridekirk Font in Cumberland - - 381
XXXVI. Ancient Posts in Elm-Hill near the Tomb-land,
Norwich - 383
XXXVII — XL. Representations of the Lituus of the ancient
Romans - . _____ 404
XLI. Fig. 1, 2. Head of an Axe found near Horseley- Deep in Lincolnshire. Fig. 3. Gold Ring found in the Ruins of the Palace at Eltham, Kent - - - 409
XLII. Roman Urn found at Cambridge 409
XLIII. View of a Cairn, at Crakraig in Sutherland ; with a
Roman Urn discovered there - - . 411
At a Council of the Society of Antiquaries, May 31, 1782. Resolved,
That any Gentleman, desirous to have separate Copies of any Memoir he may have presented to the Society, may be allowed, upon application to the Council, to have a certain number, not exceeding Twenty, printed off at his own expense.
At a Council of the Society of Antiquaries, May 23, 1792. Resolved,
That the Order made the 31st of May, 1782, with respect to Gentlemen who may be desirous to have separate Copies of any Memoir they may have presented to the Society, be printed in the volumes of the Archaeologia, in some proper and conspicuous part, for the better communication of the same to the Members at large.
At a Council of the Society of Antiquaries, May 2, 1815. Ordered,
That, in future, anyGentleman desirous to have separate Copies of any Paper he may have presented to the Society, which shall be printed in the Archaeologia, or Vetusta Monumenta, shall be allowed, on application in writing to the Secretary, to receive a number not exceeding Twenty Copies, (free of all expense,) of such Paper, as soon as it is printed.
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ARCHAEOLOGIA ;
OR,
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS,
SfC.
I . Of the Kings Title of Defender of the Faith . By Alexander Luders, Esq , Communicated hy Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.R.S.
Read 1st May, 1817-
O ur Kings do not bear this title under the authority of Leo the tenth's Bull to Henry VIII. or that of Clement VII. his successor, who confirmed it. x41though the original came from the church of Rome, the modern title is thoroughly English, and derived from our own legislature.
Henry was so pleased with the honour as to wear it after he had quarrelled with the Popes and denied their authority ; and when he had ceased to be the Champion of the Holy See, in which character he had received the gift. From this time he became a founder of the title to his successors, who have held it under the authority of the statute 35 Hen. VIII. c. 3.
The original Bull of Leo is still preserved in the British Museum, though much impaired, of which there is a full copy in Rymer’s Fcedera.* The Pope in this instrument lavishes abundance of praise
* Tom. xiii. p. 756, where there is a fac simile engraving of it : but a better has been lately added to the Reports on Publick Records, App. pi. 6. Selden likewise copied it in Tit. Hon. pt. I. c. 5.
VOL. XIX.
B
2
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith .
upon his dutiful son, for the zeal, learning, and other graces displayed in his book against Luther. He finds it to contain “ admirabilem quondam et ccelestis gratia; rare conspersam doctrinam ,” for the utter confusion of hereticks ; and affording a noble example to other Princes to maintain the orthodox faith with all their power. He then proceeds thus:
“ Now We holding it just to distinguish those who have under¬ taken such pious labours for defending the Faith of Christ, with every honour and commendation, and willing not only to extol and magnify with worthiest praises, the book which your Majesty hath written with most absolute learning and equal eloquence against the said Martin Luther, and to approve and confirm the same by our authority; but also to decorate your Majesty’s person with such a name and title of honour, that all the faithful in Christ, in our own and all future times, may understand how pleasant and acceptable your Majesty’s present, offered to us especially at this time hath been;
“We who are the true successors of Peter whom Christ when about to ascend into heaven left for his Vicar upon earth, and to whom he committed the care of his flock, and who sit in this holy seat from whence all dignities and titles flow, after mature delibera¬ tion had upon the matter with our said brethren, have decreed with their unanimous advice and assent to confer upon your Majesty this Title, that is to say, Defender of the Faith ; as we now do by these presents name you by such title. Commanding all the faithful in Christ by this title to describe your Majesty, and in their letters to add the words Defender of the Faith after that of King.'
The Pontiff adds that a more worthy title could not be found for such transcendent merit, and cautions the King not to be too much elated on the occasion ; but to receive it with grateful humility, and go on in the same course, that he may become a glorious example to his posterity, and encourage them to deserve the same by treading in his steps. Granting his own and God’s blessing upon him, his wife, and children, and all their descendants.
The date is of 11th Oct. 1521, 9th year of his pontificate. This
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith.
3
grant, we should say, according to our law, has no proper words of limitation and inheritance ; for the blessing alone is conferred upon the wife and children and not the title. The inheritance seems not to be conveyed : So that none but the King himself could claim the honour, as peculiar to his person ; unless in the opinion of his Holiness, the descendant should be thought to inherit the virtues of his ancestor. The original words of this article are, “ ut si tali titulo ipsi quoque, (i. e. postcri tui ) insigniri optabunt, talia etiam opera efficere, prsecla-
raque Majestatis tuae vestigia sequi studeant; quam - un^ cum
uxore et filiis, ac omnibus qui a te et illis nascentur, nostra benedic- tione, in nomine illius h quo illam concedendi potestas nobis data est - benedicentes — &c. "
The Bull of confirmation granted two years afterwards by Clement VII. enlarges the King’s praises beyond all bounds, of which it con¬ tains a load too heavy for any but a crowned head to bear. But in respect of the title earned by his extraordinary merits, it simply con¬ firms the grant of Leo to the King himself : Approbamus, conjirmamus, tibique perpetuum et proprium deputamus .a
After the King’s final breach with Rome he continued the use of the title as before ; and as he wholly disregarded the Bull of Paul the Third, which declared him unworthy of that and every other dignity, and deprived him of his crown, his style and title were not affected by it. This Bull which issued in 1535 was afterwards suspended, and not finally put forth till 1538. b
After various acts of parliament had been made for declaring the succession of the Crown, it was thought proper to make one for the royal style and title. The statute of the year 1543, (35 Hen. VIII. c. 3.) had this object. It is called in the printed statute An Act for the ratification of the King’s Majesty’s Style. This takes no notice of any Papal Bulls, and declares the royal style in Latin and English, which “ shall be from henceforth — united and annexed for ever to the Imperial Crown of his Highness realm of England .”
a Rym. F. tom. xiv. fol. 14. b Burnet Hist. Ref. v. 1. Coll. pp. 166, 176.
B 2
4
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith.
Thus in Latin, “ H. VIII. Dei gratia Angliae Franciae et Hibernian Rex, fidei defensor, et in terra Ecclesiae Anglican* et Hibernic* supremum caput.” Thus in English, “ H. VIII. by the grace of God King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in earth the supreme Head.”
In this manner did an antipapal King and the Reformation Parlia¬ ment give the most solemn effect to a Papal Bull, and fastened it to the Protestant King’s Crown for ever.
Henry had assumed the title of Supreme Head of the Church8 by his own authority, at the time of its being acknowledged in Con¬ vocation, and some years before its establishment by statute 26 Hen. VIII. b
There were political reasons for assuming the title of Defender of the Faith , by those undutiful children of the Holy Father, Edward the sixth and Elizabeth, which perhaps would have led them to adopt the name, if it had not been prepared for them by law. For they wished to be held up to the rest of Europe as Defenders of the reformed Church, and were pleased with the opportunity of declaring this to all who might choose so to understand the Faith which they maintained and defended.
The statute beforementioned of 35 Hen. VIII. was repealed under Queen Mary, but was re-established by stat. 1 Eliz. c. 1. and under this authority the matter has rested.0 The Kings of the Stuart family, popish or protestant, were all equally Defenders of the Faith, and William the Third as much so as James the Second, by Statute in that case made and provided. James the first issued a proclamation in the second year of his reign/ for declaring his royal title, in order to sink the names of England and Scotland into that of Great Britain ; but
a See note (A) at the end. b Co. Lit. 7. b.
c 4 Co. Inst. 344. The author considers the subject in another point of view, that this part of the act of Hen. VIII. was not repealed, but only the new treasons which it created.
d 20th Oct. 1604. See Book of Procl.
Of the King's Title of Defender' of the Faith. h
he made no other change : And none was made upon the subsequent union under Queen Anne. When upon the Irish Union it was judged expedient to reform the royal title, the sovereignty of France was thought superfluous and discarded. But the Defence of the Faith, though originating at Rome, seems to have been held too good a thing to be parted with.
The Kings of France, as eldest sons of the Church, had obtained their apostolical dignity much earlier. The title of Most Christian is considered to have been appropriated to. them in the person of Lewis the eleventh ;a a fine example to be held forth to the faithful, as the most Christian King ; being one of the most odious wretches of a very vicious generation. Our Henry indeed proved an ungrateful child of the Holy See, but his character had nothing to disgrace the donor at the time of the gift; and though he renounced the Pope, he may be said to have defended the Catholick Faith to the last.
An examiner of more ancient history will find many instances where the Kings both of France and England, did occasionally assume titles similar to those which are now deemed peculiar to their several descendants. According to Henault, Pepin had received the title of Most Christian in A. D. 755, from the Pope, and Charles the Bald in 859 from a Council. Charles the sixth, in a charter of 1413 refers to
ancient usage for the name. He makes use of these words, “ -
nostrorum progenitorum imitatione - evangelicce veritatis - Defen-
sores. - nostra regia dignitas divino Christiana religionis titulo
gloriosius insignitur b -
Lewis the eleventh in that formal set of instructions for his son which Comines has given at length,0 mentions the title of Tres Chretien , as acquired by the virtue, valour, and religious zeal of many of his ancestors. Francis the first in his memorial against the Emperor, derives it from the pious munificence of his ancestors , and the grateful acknowledgments of the Holy See.d In the reign of Charles the
* Nouv. Tr. de Diplom. tom. vi. p. 82.
* Mem. tom. v. p. 37 6. edit. Godefroi.
b Ibid. p. 48.
11 Gamier Hist, de France, A.D. 1543,
fj
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith.
eighth, the diplomatick use of it in publick instruments became regularly established. And it deserves to be remarked, (as if some¬ thing curious and inconsistent were always doomed to attend these papal honours) that Pope Alexander the sixth endeavoured to deprive him of the title, that he might confer it upon Ferdinand of Arragon. But the Cardinals of the French party having remonstrated against his design, the Pope complimented the King of Arragon with the title of Most Catholick.a A favourite, indeed, full as worthy as he who had planted this jewel in the crown of France, too deep to be plucked away.b In a subsequent period Julius the second, when quarrelling with Lewis the twelfth, threatened to pursue the same course, and was actually preparing to transfer the title of Most Christian , from the King of France to Henry the eighth, when death prevented him. c
The earliest introduction of such phrases into the acts of the Kings of England, that has occurred to me, is of the reign of Richard the second. His charter to the Chancellor of Oxford in the 19th year of his reign has these words : “Nos zelo fidei catholicae, cujus sumus et erimus Deo dante Defensores, salubriter commoti.” This zeal of the King was for the condemnation of Wickliffe’s Tria- togus. <l The occasion of Charles the sixth’s charter beforementioned was similar in kind : so that both these instruments may be called
theological. Henry the fourth of England in an instrument of the \
a lb. tom. ii. p. 183. and Giannone, tom. iii. p. 5i6.
b If the reader desires to see all the historical authorities relating to this article of French antiquity, he should read a learned tract by M. Bonamy, in the 29th volume of the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions, p. 268, to which is annexed a long list of quotations from their publick acts, tending to prove that the title Christianissimus has been often given to the Kings of France from the time of Pepin ; and generally and constantly from the time of Lewis the Fat. It is not supposed to have been derived from any positive law or papal Bull. The note (B) at the end of this essay shews instances in which the ancient Kings of England have received it likewise. Selden in treating of this subject in his Titles of Honour, Part 1, chap. v. considers it as originally intended by the Popes to mark an exclusion of paganism or judaism, which that of Most Catholick in Spain signified against heresy ; of which he refers to very ancient examples, even before the Saracen invasion.
c Guicciardini, lib. llrao. d Rym. F. tom. vii. p. 806.
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith.
7
same character, it being for the punishment of Sorcerers and Witches, uses a phrase like that of his predecessor.3 The writ de Haeretico comburendo in his reign is in this style, viz. Zelator just ilia; el Fidei catiiolicce cultor ; b in support whereof the Sheriff is commanded, according to law divine and human to burn with fre, fc.
If according to the french authors the dignity of Tres Chretien was considered to have belonged peculiarly to their sovereigns, this will account for the more frequent appearance of the phrase in our acts and instruments of state during the time of Henry VI. His having been crowned in France with the usual ceremonies, may have led to the current use of the title in his person. Its first application to him that has occurred to me, is of the year 1432, in the opening of the parliament/ and near the time of his french coronation. But it occurs in a more remarkable instance in the year 1440, the 18th of his reign; in a treaty with a prince of the blood of France.11 The Duke of Orleans a prisoner here from the battle of Agincourt, in the articles for his deliverance, is made to give Henry the title Christianissimus ; and, more extraordinary, does not so describe his own King and cousin. However at this period it is not found in common use among the french acts of state.
But before this time Richard the second had described himself in the same manner, in letters addressed to the Pope ; of which there are two examples in Rymer (one a duplicate of the other, and sent at a different time) wherein he styles himself Vester Jilius christianissimus. e Yet Edward the third does not appear ever to have assumed the title himself, or to have been so addressed or described in publick acts. His royal style was not changed in this respect, after the assumption of the title of France, which he was always anxious to place first and foremost. But as the French Kings, after it became common with them, did not take the addition in describing them-
* Pari. Ro. tom. iv. p. 388.
a Rym. F. tom. viii. p. 427.
d
Rym. F. tom. x. p.776.
b lb. p. 627.
e lb. tom. vii. p. 207, 361 .
s
Of the King's Title of Defender of the Faith .
selves, only requiring it in the third person, the abovementioned style of Richard II. cannot be called french, or derived from the forms of that court.
The authors of the Nouveau Traite de Diplomatique refer to one example only of such form, which they take from Rymer’s collection." It appears in the oath whereby Francis the first confirmed his treaty with Henry VIII. in 1527 ;b but not in the instruments of the treaty itself. The example is therefore an extraordinary one, and not so properly a form of state as of religion.
There are some instruments in the Parliament Rolls of Henry the sixth’s reign in which the King is styled in english Most Christian , and in latin Christianissimus. The first is of the 20th year in the grant of a peerage. c Edward IV. followed this example; as appears in his treaty with the Earl of Ross of the Isles, in the first year of his reign, d and in a treaty with the King of Denmark in his fifth year.6 In the former, in english, he is styled Most high and Christian Prince , and most Christian King : In the other, in latin, Plus- trissimus et Christianissimus Princeps. In his first parliament upon assuming the crown, the Speaker addresses him as “ Most Christian King,” and again in the 12th year.f
Hen. VII. likewise used this style, of which there is an instance in his contract with the Abbot of Westminster for the foundation of his chapel there, in his 19th year.8 This hard-hearted and unchris¬ tian prince was the last of our Kings who described himself as most Christian. His son having obtained a more exalted name, as cham¬ pion of the Faith, from the father of the Church, had no occasion to derive any honour of that sort from a borrowed crown.
Inconsistent as this popish heraldry appears on the crest of a pro-
a Vol. vi. 99.
b Rym. F. tom. xiv. p. 216. Nos Franciscus Dei gratid Francorum Rex Christianissirmis ,
; promittimus , &;c.
c Pari. Ro. vol. v. pp. 40, 45. d Rym. F. tom. xi. p. 484. 6 lb. 552.
f Pari, Ro. vol. v. 462. Ib. vi. p. 8. s See note (B) at the end of this essay.
9
Of the King s Title of Defender of the Faith.
testant King, there is high authority and example for the case. The custom of styling every Roman Emperor Pontifex Maximus , i. e. High Priest of the Gods, had become so fixed in their imperial state, that the idolatrous phrase was continued for many generations, and even centuries, after the empire became Christian, and after idolatry had been declared a capital crime. It is equally extraordinary that a modern Emperor should have assumed this inconsistent title. Yet the fact is told of Maximilian I. in a book of the best authority. Abb6 du Bos in his history of the League of Cambray relates, a that when he formed the extravagant design of becoming Pope, he some¬ times described himself in his imperial style Pontifex Maximus. We learn from Seldenb that the Emperors had from very early times been styled Defensores Ecclesit: ; which he derives from their oath in the formal inauguration, to he everlasting defenders of the Church of Rome.
a Liv. 2. A.D. 1510. b Tit. Hon. part 1. c. 5.
Note A referred to in p. 4.
Giannone has passed his censure on this high stretch of power exercised by our King. He argues against it from the nature and principles of spiritual authority, as distinguished from the temporal. Those who may have occasion to examine the subject should read Bishop Ellys’s Tract upon it, and will also find instruction in the last chapter of the first book of Giannone’s Istoria Civile di Napoli. This author shews that there is the same kind of error in the papal claim of temporal authority, as derived Apostolico Jure ; citing a letter of St. Bernard’s to the Pope, in which he tells him, alluding to St. Peter, “ nec enim ille tibi dare quod non habebat potuit.”
But I find the measure to be of more ancient date than the reformation, or Henry the eighth. The project of Maximilian to become Pope is well known 5 but he entertained another ambition more dangerous to the Papacy. This was to get himself declared by a gene¬ ral Council Head of the Church, in quality of Chief of the Empire, and to unite the spiritual and temporal powers, after the manner of the Roman Emperors. With this view he took the title of Pontifex maximus. Du Bos who relates this, writes (a) that the learned Ockham, our countryman, who fled from the Pope’s excommunication to the Emperor Lems V. of Bavaria, (Emperor from the year 1322 to 1347, and likewise excommunicated by the Pope)
(a) Ligue de Camb. liv. 2.
VOL. XIX. C
10
Of the King's Title of D fender f the Faith.
had published a book in which this scheme is recommended to the Emperors, in order to for* tify themselves against Papal usurpations. It does not appear that Lewis, though he deposed the Pope and was able to maintain the imperial against the papal authority, put the design in practice. But as Ockham’s writings, according to Sleidan, were much esteemed in Germany and among the Ghibellines, it is very probable that Maximilian may have been encouraged by them to make the attempt. Thus Henry the eighth’s conduct may have proceeded as much from example, as from any fancy of his own. In Tanner’s Bibliotheca Britannica there is an account of Ockham and his writings.
Note B referred to in pp. 6 and 8.
See N° 1498 of the Harleian Manuscripts. The learned writer of the first Harleian cata¬ logue, Mr. Wanley, who describes the article in which this instrument of Henry VII. is con¬ tained, adds a note upon the King’s use of the title, for the purpose of mentioning some examples that he had found, both before the Conquest and after, in which it had been given to Kings of England. His researches in english history were extensive.
T. Wikes in his Chronicle applies it to Henry the third in 1268, in the following words — “ annuente Christianissimo Anglorum Rege.” Thomas Elmham and Titus Livius a Frulo- visiis, writers of Henry the sixth’s time, apply it occasionally to him and Henry the fifth in the same manner. But these examples Tarry no authority with them. If the title should be found bestowed upon Kings of England in the Bulls of Popes, perhaps it would appear to have been occasioned by peculiar circumstances : such, for instance, as their engaging in a Crusade, or the like. Of this there is an example in the case of Edward the first, upon the expedition proposed by him in 1291. The Pope on that occasion describes him as Christianissimus Princeps Edwardus Anglice Rex. (a)
(n) Rym. F. tom. ii, p. 114. 514.
II. Copy of a Letter f rom Queen Elizabeth to K ing James the Sixth of Scotland, in the possession of Mrs. Barker. Communicated by the Rev. S. Weston, jB.D. F.R.S. and S.A.
Read 8th May, 1817.
My dear Brother,
The care of your estate, with feare of your neglect, so afflicts my mind, as I may not overslip the sending you a noble man to sarve you, for a memoriall of my readines, and desiar of your Spede. The sledik dame who whan she is turned leaves no after step to witnes her arrival save repentance, that beareth to sower a recorde of her short abode, may make you so far awake that you have never cause throuwe long discourtesy to loose the bettar knowledge of hidenst tressor. One hour bredes a dayes gain to gilefull spirits, and gilty conscience skils more to shift than ten wisar heds knowes how to win. Let the anfild be striken while hit is warm, for if hit growe colde, the Gold¬ smith mars his worke, and the owner his Juels ; hit vexith me to se that thos of whom the very bids of Scotland could, if the might speke truly, tel how ther banners wer displaid again your pson who divers nights did sentenel ther acts ; thos selfe same be but now bid to award who long ago God wot aught so have smarted as you nede not now exa- men ther treachery. All this I say not for any gaping for any man’s bloud, God is witnes, but wische you savid wher ever the rest go; and this, I must tel you, that if the lands of them that do deserve no brethe wer made but yours (as ther owne acts have caused) you should be a richer prince, and than abler of your owne to defend a King’s honor, and your owne Life. Me thinks I frame this lettar like to a Lamen¬ tation wiche you wyl pardon whan the matter bids hit so. I cannot but bewaile that any lewd unadvisid hedsick felow, a subject of myi\e, should make his Soveraen be supposed of les gouvernement than mistres of her word. I have never yet dishonered my tonge w‘ a leasing, not
c 2
12
Copy of a Letter from Queen Elizabeth.
to a menar person than a King, and wold be ashamed to desarve so fowle an infamy. I vow I never Knewe but did forbid that ever be should enter my territory that so boldly attemted your dores. You knowe best what I writ for that, and he, as I heare, hath hard it so much as hardly he wyl trust my hands to be his safe refuge. Yet you knowe best what was offerd, and why he was not made more desperat. If your long expected and never had as yet answer had not lingard, I think he wold have gone far ynough or now. Let this suffice, be your doinges as sounde as my profession staunche, and I warrant no Spaniard nor ther King shal have ever footing so nere to you or me. Trust I pray you never a Conquerar w‘ trust of his kindnes, nor never raign precar io more whan you may rule regis regula. Now I do remem¬ ber your Cumbar to rede such skribled Lines, and pray the Almighty to cover you safely under his bleased wings.
Y our most loving Sistar
ELIZABETH R.
To our deare Brother the Kyng of Scotts,
Delivered by the Ld Borrough ye vi M’rche 1592.
<•
13
III. An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire. By Roger Wilbraham, Esq. F.B.S. and N.A. Commu¬ nicated in a Letter to Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.S.A.
Read 8th May, 1817- Preliminary Observations.
Although a Glossary of the words peculiar to each County of England seems as reasonable an object of curiosity as its History, Antiquities, Climate, and various Productions, yet it has been gene¬ rally omitted by those Persons who have undertaken to write the Histories of our different Counties. Now each of these Counties have words, if not exclusively peculiar to that County, yet certainly so to that part of the kingdom where it is situated, and some of those words are highly beautiful and expressive; many of their phrases, adages, and proverbs are well worth recording, and have occupied the attention and engaged the pens of men distinguished for talents and learning, among whom the name of Ray will naturally occur to every person at all conversant with his mother tongue, his work oh Proverbs and on the different Dialects of England being one of the most popular ones in the English Language. But there is a still more important benefit to be derived from this custom, were it practised to its full extent in a publication comprising all the provincial Dialects of England, as they would when united all together form the only true and solid foundation for a work much wanted, a General Dic¬ tionary of the English Language.11
Far be it from me to attempt in the least to depreciate the won¬ derful powers displayed by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary, although it is now pretty well ascertained that he was himself much dissatisfied
a This deficiency will soon be supplied by the completion of a new edition of Johnson’s Dictionary by the Rev. H. J. Todd, whereof ten Parts out of eleven are already published. The whole form the most comprehensive and satisfactory Dictionary of the English Language.
14
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
with it; but as an Etymological Dictionary, it certainly has no claim whatever to praise; for the learning of Dr. Johnson, extensive as it was, yet did not embrace a knowledge of the Gothic, Teutonic, or Anglo-saxon Languages, nor of the other various Northern Sources of our Language; and moreover he seems to have had very little ac¬ quaintance with the old French or Norman Languages. By following the traces of Junius and of Skinner, he has indeed, though not very successfully, attempted to supply the former deficiency; but to remedy the latter, namely, his ignorance of the old French Language, was not so easy a task ; his own labour and industry in that branch of learning being absolutely necessary, as there is scarcely a single Lexicographer of the English Tongue, who, though aiming at Ety¬ mology, seems to have possessed a competent knowledge of the old French Language.
Most of the leading terms in all our provincial Dialects, omitting* those which are maimed and distorted by a coarse or vicious pronun¬ ciation, are not only Provincialisms but Archaisms also, and are to be found in our old English authors of various descriptions ; but those terms are now no longer in general use, and are only to be heard in some remote province where they have lingered, though actually dead to the Language in general.
^ Ut Silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos
Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit iEtas. Hor.
The truth of this observation of the poet is fully illustrated by an example taken from this very Cheshire Dialect, there being several words recorded by Ray as belonging to it, which are even now no longer in use, at least as far as it could be ascertained by the investi¬ gations made by the writer of this; so that they have actually perished since the time of Ray.
Provincial words accompanied by an explanation of the sense in which each of them still continues to be used in the districts to w hich they belong, would be of essential service in explaining many obscure terms in our early poets, the true meaning of which, although it may
15
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
have puzzled and bewildered the most acute and learned of our Com¬ mentators, would perhaps be perfectly intelligible to a Devonshire, Norfolk, or Cheshire Clown.
Some of our provincial Dialects, as the North Devon, Lancashire, and a few others, are already in print, though in a very imperfect state, but by far the greatest number of them, either have not yet been collected, or if they have, exist solely in MS.
To bring these all together, as well those which have already been published, as what might be collected from different MS. copies, as well as from Individuals now living, is a most desirable object, and would form a work eminently useful to any English Philologist who might have the courage to undertake and the perseverance to accom¬ plish A General Dictionary of the English Language.
In a letter I formerly received from the late Jonathan Boucher, Vicar of Epsom, (a gentleman, who, had he lived to execute his plan of a General English Dictionary, would probably have rendered the observations here made quite superfluous,) he mentions the great simi¬ larity in many instances between the Dialects of Norfolk and of Che¬ shire, though the same similarity does not subsist between either of them and those of the interjacent Counties, and expresses his wish to have some Reason given for this circumstance. His observation I knew at that time to be well-founded, but I professed myself unable to explain it ; however having since that time reflected a good deal upon this singular circumstance, I will endeavour at least in some measure to account for it.
The truth of the Observation made by the same learned Gentle¬ man, that all Provincialisms are also Archaisms, to those who are well acquainted with our old English authors is too evident to stand in need of an Illustration. Now the County Palatine of Chester, having been in great measure a separate Jurisdiction till the days of Queen Elizabeth, had very little intercourse with the neighbouring Counties ; the principal Families of the County, and much more those in a middle station of life, for the most part intermarried among each other, and rarely made connections out of the County, a prac-
1 6 An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
tice which is recommended in an old Cheshire adage ; so that the original customs and manners as well as the old Language of the County have received less changes and innovations, than those of most other parts of England.
The Inhabitants of Norfolk too, living in an almost secluded part of England, surrounded on three sides of it by the Sea, having little intercourse with the adjoining Counties have consequently retained in great measure their ancient Customs, Manners, and Language, unchanged by a mixture with those of their neighbours. Even at this day in Norfolk a person born out of the County is called a Shire- man or rather Sheerman, i. e. one born in some of the Shires or Counties of England ; not without some little expression of contempt on that very account. So that the two Languages of Cheshire and Norfolk, having suffered less innovation from a mixture with others, have also retained more of their originality, and consequently must bear a closer resemblance to each other than what is observable be¬ tween most of the other Provincial Dialects of England.
Dr. Ash in his English Dictionary has admitted many words which belong to the Cheshire Dialect ; these he has evidently taken from Ray’s Proverbs; others he marks as obsolete or as local. With regard to those called by him obsolete, it is apprehended, if they are still in use in any part of England, the term obsolete is improper. Of those which he calls local he does not specify their precise locality, so that the reader is left at liberty to assign them to whatever dis¬ trict of England he pleases. He has some Cheshire words also to which he has attributed a different meaning from what they now bear in the County. These three last descriptions of words, namely those Dr. Ash marks as local, those called by him obsolete, and those to which he has given a different sense from what they now convey, have all a place in this imperfect Glossary.
A few words are likewise admitted on the sole authority of Ray, though some of them never occurred to the Compiler of this Cata¬ logue, whose communications in different parts of the County have since his early days been very slight and merely occasional.
1?
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
The very great resemblance of the Dialects of Cheshire and of Lancashire may be observed by the frequent repetition of the Abbre¬ viation Lan. in this Glossary.
One peculiarity in the English Language is to change, if I may not say soften the pronunciation of many words in the middle of which is the letter L preceded by either of the consonants A or O. Thus in common discourse we pronounce Bawk for Balk, Caaf for Calf, Haaf for Half, Wawk for Walk, Tawk for Talk, Foke for Folk, Stawk for Stalk, and St. Awbans for St. Albans ; but in the Cheshire Dialect as in all the other Northern ones this custom as well as the practice of substituting the o for the a and the double ee for the igh is still more, thus we call
All . aw
Always . awways
Alsager Altrincham Alvanley
|
Bold . |
|
|
Calf . |
|
|
Call . |
|
|
Can . |
|
|
Cold . |
|
|
Colt . |
|
|
Fold . |
|
|
Gold .... _ |
|
|
False . |
|
|
Fowl, dirty . . . . |
|
|
Fool . |
|
|
Full . |
|
|
Fine . |
|
|
Hold . |
|
|
Holt . |
|
|
Half . |
|
|
Halfpenny . |
|
Hall . . . . |
||
|
Long . . . . |
. . . lung |
|
|
Man . |
||
|
Moldy . . . |
||
|
Many . . . |
||
|
Manner . . |
||
|
Might . . . |
||
|
Mold .... |
. . mowd |
|
|
Pull .... |
||
|
Soft . |
||
|
Bright . . . |
||
|
Scald .... |
||
|
Stool .... |
||
|
Right . . . |
||
|
Fine .... |
||
|
Twine . . . |
||
|
Flight . . . |
||
|
Lane .... |
||
|
Mol . |
||
|
Sight .... |
||
|
Sit . |
||
|
Suck .... |
r ( Auger
names ol ) . f ,
, < Autrmcham
P‘aces Uwvanley
VOL. XIX.
D
18
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
The following Abbreviations have been adopted : Lancashire - - - Lan.
Junius, Etymologicon Anglicanum - - Jun.
Skinner, Etymologicon Ling. Angl. - - Skin.
Wachter, Glossarium Germanum - Wach.
Ihre, Glossarium Suiogothicum - - Ihre
Kilian, Etymologicon Linguae Teotiscae - - Kil.
Somner, Dictionarium Saxo-Latino-Anglicum - Som.
Jamieson, Scotch Dictionary - - - Jam.
Law Latin Dictionary - - - - L. L. D.
Nyerup, Glossarium Linguae Teotiscae - - Nye
Promptorium parvulorum Clericorum - - P. P. C.
Ortus Yocabulorum - - - Ort. Voc.
Ray’s Proverbs - Ray.
Grose’s Provincial Glossary - - G. P. Gl.
Ash’s Dictionary ... - Ash.
Palsgrave, L’Ecclaircissement de la langue Francaise Pal. Hormanni Vulgaria - - - - H. V.
Littleton’s Dictionary - - Litt. D.
Benson’s Anglo-saxon Dictionary - - - Ben.
Shakespeare - - Shak.
Old Word - - - - O. W.
Preposition - - Prep.
Verb - - - - V.
Participle - - Part.
Substantive - - - - - S.
Adverb - - Ad.
Adjective ------ Adj.
Anglo-saxon - - - - - A. S.
A.
Achorn, or rather Aitchorn, s. to go aitchorning is to go gathering Acorns. The Pigs are gone o’ aitchorning.
Ackersprit, adj. said of Potatoes, when the roots germinate before
19
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
the time of gathering them, and consequently are of little value. Corn and particularly Barley, which has germinated before it is malted, is said by the Malsters in the eastern Counties of England to be acrespired or eagerspired, i. e. early grown.
Ackerspyre, to sprout, to germinate. Jam.
Agate, adverbial expression, means not only a person up and recovered from a sick bed, but also one that is employed ; he is agate marling or ploughing.
Aitch, Aitches, s. so pronounced ; ache, aches, pain, pains. It is also used for a paroxysm in an intermitting Disorder. This seems to be the same word in an extended sense. A. S. Ace, dolor; pain, ach. Som.
Agoe, s. Ague.
Anainst, prep, opposite, over against. O. W. Chaucer.
Aneend, adv. upright, not lying down, on one end ; when applied to a four-footed animal it means rearing or what the Heralds call ram¬ pant. It is always pronounced aneend, and possibly should be writ¬ ten on eend. Aneend means also perpetua y, evermore.
Antrims, s. whims, vagaries, peevishness ; the same as Tanterums or Anticks. Anticks however is common.
At after, adv. afterwards.
B.
Bacco, s. Tobacco. Lan.
Bagging-Time, s. Lan. the time of the afternoon Luncheon.
Baith, adj. both.
Bandy-Hewit, s . a little bandy-legged Dog, a Turn spit. Of Hewit 1 can make nothing unless it be a corruption of Keout, which itself is probably derived from Skout. See in voce Keout, Lan. where a different explanation of it is given.
Bain, adj. near, convenient; common in the North. Jamieson derives it from the Islandic been-a expedire.
Ballow, v. to select or claim. It is used by boys at play, when they
d 2
<90 An Attempt at a Glossary of' some Words used in Cheshire.
select a goal or a companion of their game. I hallow, or hallow me that situation, or that person.
Batch, s. besides the common sense of a general baking, implies the whole of the wheat flour which is used for making common house¬ hold bread, after the bran alone has been separated from it.
Batt, v. to wink or move the eye lids up and down ; to bate is a Term of falconry, when the Falcon beats his wings in this manner.
Bawm, v. to prepare, dress or adorn. At Appleton in Cheshire it is the custom at the time of the wake to clip and adorn an old Hawthorn which stands in the Town. This Ceremony is called the Bawming of Appleton Thorn. I am inclined to think the word should be bouning. To boun is an old North Country word meaning to pre¬ pare or make ready. Bo, Boa, is the Sui. Got. for to prepare ; Ihre. Bwa is Islandic for the same.
Bawson, or Bawsin, s. a Badger. Skinner derives it fantastically enough from Beau Sein, &c. &c. Bawsand, Bassant, or Bawsint in Jam. is a term applied to a horse or cow having a white spot in the forehead or face, which is exactly the case of the Badger, and seems a more appropriate Etymology of the word, which on that account alone (it being in Johnson) has a place here.
Bedeet, part, or adj. dirtied, seems to come from the Scotch word Bedyit dipped, and that from the A. S. word Deag-an tingere, ira- buere. See Jamieson. To deet is to dirty.
Been, or bin, is the plural of the present tense of the verb to be. Lan.
Beet the fire; to light, or, as we say, to make the fire : from boeten bet vier, struere ignem. Kil.
Berry, s. a Gooseberry.
Bidding, s. an invitation to a funeral is so termed.
Bight, a projection in a river, a projecting or receding Corner, it is commonly used in Sea voyages. The Bight of Benin on the Coast of Africa. It is an O. W. for the elbow. A. S. bygan, flectere. Som.
Bing, v. to begin to turn sour, said of milk.
Bir, Birre, Ber, Burre, s. impetus ; to take birr is to run with violence
21
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
as a person does before taking a great leap. See the Glossary to Wicliffe’s New Testament by Lewis, Matt. 8. “ and lo in a great bire al the Drove (of Swine) went heed-lyng into the Sea/’ See also Apoc. c. 18. Bir, ventus secundus. Hickes’s Island. Diet. See also Douglas’s Glossary. From the same source is derived what is called the bore or eager in a tide-river.
Bobber, adj. bobberous the same word, sawey, pert. Bob, or dry bob is an old word for a merry joke or trick. Dobson’s Drybobs is the title of a merry Story Book, we still use the phrase to bear a bob, or bobbish, for pretty well, in familiar Discourse.
Boke, v. to poke, or thrust out. Lan.
Boosy Pasture, s. the pasture which lies contiguous to the Cow Stall or Boose.
Booty-house, s. is an expression used by Children for an old Box or Shelf, or any place ornamented with bits of glass or broken earthen ware in imitation of an ornamented Cabinet, probably a corruption of Beauty.
Boss, s. a hassock to kneel upon in Church, by Grose erroneously, as l apprehend, called a Doss or Poss.
Bout, adv. or prep, without; “ Better bad than Bout,’ as I heard a woman say when urged to quit a bad Husband. See Jam. under But and Ben, the outside and inside of a House.
Bracco, or Braccow, used only when compounded with another word, as work-bracco, diligent, laborious. Ray.
Bread (pronounced long) breadth or extent; there is a great bread of corn this year, i. e. a greater extent of land than usual, sown
r
with corn this year.
Bricko, adj. brittle. Brica, ruptor, A. S. Som.
Brid, s. bird, O. W. Wicliffe’s New Testament. P. P. C.
Brief, adj. Rife, prevalent; said chiefly of disorders. Agues been brief. Agues are common,
Brimming, adj. or part. Lan, A Sow is said to be brimming when maris appetens. A. S. Bremeud, mugiens, fervens. Som.
22 An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
C.
Oale, or Kale, s. turn, chance, perhaps only call. It is used by Persons doing any thing by rotation. It is my cale now. Kele, Lan.
Cant, adj. strong, lusty. Ash calls it local.
Capo, s. a working horse, Ray. Corrupted from Capyl or Capel, O.W. or Ceffyl, Welsh.
Carve, or Kerve, v. to grow sour : local according to Ash.
Cauf-kit, or Crib, s. a place to put a sucking calf in. A. S Crybbe, praesepe, Som.
Chem, or Tchem, s. team, a team of horses, a team of wild ducks. Sonnier talks of a team of young pigs.
Childer, s. Children, Lan. The Ang. Sax. plural termination.
Chimly, or rather Chimbley, s. Lan. the chimney.
Chunner, v. to grumble: a chunnering ill-conditioned fellow. Ceonian obmurmurare, Ben.
Clap, v. to squat, to take her seat as a hare does ; from the French, se clapper, se tapir, se cacher dans un trou.
Claver, s. idle talk ; Scotch, Jam. Claffer is German for garrulus.
Clem, v. clem d part, Lan. starved with hunger. Ash calls it local.
Clots, or Clouts, s. Burdock, Teut. Clotte, so says Skinner.
Clussum’d, adj. clumsy, Lan. according to Ray, but it means more, if e. a hand benumbed with cold, and so far clumsy ; perhaps a cor¬ ruption of closened.
Cob, v. to throw, Lan.
Goggle, Keggle, Kickle, Tickle, adj. easily moved, all I believe the same word.
Collow, v. to blacken, to colour, to make black with a cole. Char- bonner. Pal.
Commin, s. the common, waste land.
Conny, or Canny are used as brisk, lively. In all the dead Northern Languages their Etymology may be found.
Cooth, s. a cold. Coth. A. S. morbus, valetudo, Som.
23
An Attempt at a Glossary of some IV ords used in Cheshire.
Cotter, v. to mend, repair, or assist with little effect.
Cowlick, s. is that part of a cow’s hide where the hairs of it having different directions meet, and form a projecting ridge of hair. This is believed to be produced from the cow licking herself. The same term is used when the same thing occurs in the human head.
Cow-Shorn, or Sharn, as in Lan. s. the leavings of the cow. In Cum¬ berland, according to Grose, it is Cow-skam. Dung, in Teutonic, is Sharn; in Suio Got. Skarn, and a Shar Bud is an O. W. for a beetle, rather called so from continually living under horse or cow dung, than for its being found under shards or broken earthen-ware. A. S. Sccarn, Fimus, Stercus, Cow-dung, Som.
Cradant and Cradantly, s. and adv. Crassant and Crassantly, which two last words are admitted on the sole authority of Ray, coward, coward¬ ly ; to set cradants among boys is to do something hazardous, to take any desperate leap which cradants dare not undertake after you.
Creem, v. the same as teem, to pour ; also to put slyly into one’s hand. Ash calls it local.
Crewdle or Croodle, v. to crouch together like frightened chickens.
Crewdling, s. a dull stupid person, a slow mover.
Crope and Croppen, v. and part, perfect tense and participle of the verb to creep, Lan.
Currake, s. cowrake, used to clean the cow-house from filth.
D.
Daddle, v. to walk with short steps, Lan. much the same as dawdle. See Jam.
Dagg, v. to moisten or wet the feet or lower clothing, Lan. generally used to females who wear petticoats. Dagg is an O. W. for dew. In Norfolk a shower of rain is called a Dagg for the turnips. Johnson calls it a low word, it is however in common use in Cheshire and elsewhere: daggle-tailed is also common- A. S. dcaghan, tingere.
Dander, v. to wander about. It is also used for to ramble in conver-
24 An Attempt at a Glossary of soyne Words used in Cheshire.
sation, to talk incoherently. Jam. explains one of its meanings, to bewilder oneself on a way, generally including the idea of want of attention, or of stupidity.
Dandy Cock or Hen, are Bantam fowls.
V 7
Dangerly, adv. possibly, by chance.
Deaf, adj. a nut without a kernel is said to be deaf.
Deavely, or Deafly, adj. lonely, retired, a deavely place.
Demath, s. a daymath or a days mowing for one man, generally used for a statute acre, but erroneously so, for it is properly one-half of a Cheshire acre, which is to the statute acre as 64 to 30i, conse¬ quently the Demath bears the proportion of 32 to 30i to the sta¬ tute acre.
Diddy, 5. the female breast with milk in it. It is used also for the milk itselt } to give the child some Diddy is to give it some milk Dig, or Digg, s. a duck.
Di thing, 5. a trembling or vibratory motion of the eye, from dither or didder.
Doe, v. pronounced as the female deer is, to live or fatten on little food. It is generally used to cattle. Scotch, Jam. A Cheshire adage says, “ hanged hay never does cattle, ” bought hay, which has been weighed in the scales is not economical. I believe it to be only an extended sense of the verb to do, i. e. to do well.
Doesom, adj. healthy, thriving upon little, Lan.
Diep, adj. long in continuance, tedious, abundant in measure, more than it appears to be. A dree rain is a close thick small rain, line has draella, stillare, unde aliquid crebro decidit. Sui. Got. Drumbow, or Drumble, 5. a dingle or ravin, generally with trees in it. Dungow-dash, dung, filth. When the clouds threaten hail or rain, it is said, there is a deal of dungo-dash to come down.
Dunnock, s. the hedge sparrow ; from the very dark or dusky appear¬ ance of that bird. Dun was antiently a dark colour, very different from what is now called a dun colour. See Shakspeare, passim.
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire .
25
E.
Earn, or Eem, v. to spare time, to have leisure. Lan. I connoh earn now. A.S. aemtan, quies, otium, tempus, rest, leisure, spare time. Som.
Easings of a house, s. the eaves. Lan.
Eaver, or Eever, s. quarter of the heavens. The wind is in the rainy eaver. The Scotch use in this sense Art, Arth, Airt, or Airth. Jam.
Elder, s. the udder of a cow. Lan. See Skinner, Belgice elder.
Eller, s. the elder tree.
Eshin, or Ashin, a pail. They are I believe always made of ash wood.
Ess, or Esse, s. Ashes, or the place under the grate to receive them in.
Expect, v. to suppose, believe, or prognosticate ; rather an extended sense of the word.
F.
FantomeCornis lightCorn. Fantome Hay, light well gotten Hay. North.
Farand, or Farrand, s. manner, custom, appearance. O. W. we have old farand : farantly : to do things in the right or wrong farand.
Farantly, adj. or as usually pronounced, farancly or farincly, is sup¬ posed to be composed of the two words fair and clean, but it is simply the adjective of farand, and means clean, decent, orderly. In Scotland well or ill-farand are used for well and ill-looking, to fare is there also to go, and a farand-man is a traveller or stranger. Jam. In P. P. C. we read, comly or well farynge in shape ; elegans. In Hormanni Vulgaria we have, he looked unfaringly, aspectu fuit incomposito.
Farther, expressive of repugnance ; I will be farther if I do that, means, I will never do it.
Faugh, s. fallow; an abbreviation of the word.
Fay, or Faigh, s. the soil before you reach the marl. To fay, is to remove it ; in other parts of England to fie is to cleanse a ditch or pond. Fowings, emundacio in P. P. C.
Fend, v. to work hard, to struggle with difficulties. In hard times we must fend to live. Lan.
VOL. xix.
E
26
An Attempt at a Glossary of some IV irds used in Cheshire.
Fettle, s. order, good repair.
Fettle, v. to repair, or put in order; a different sense from that of Johnson.
Few, v. flew, perfect tense of the verb to fly.
Few, adj. is not only a small number but also a little quantity, a few broth. Fea, A. S. pauci, Som.
Flange, v. or flange out, to spread, diverge, to increase in width or breadth.
Flash, or Plash, s. a shallow piece of water.
Flasker, v. to choke or stifle; a person lying in the mud and unable to extricate himself, is said to be flaskered. In Lan. it bears a dif¬ ferent sense.
Flatter Dock, or Batter Dock, pond weed, or potomogeton.
Flee, s. a fly.
Fleetings, or Flittings, or Fleetmilk, s. part of the refuse milk in the process of cheese making. Belg. Vlot melch. Skinner. In P. P. C. Flet of mylk or other like, despumatus.
Fleck, Flick, Fleg, Flegge, Flig, v. to fly, A. S. fleog-an, to fly. Ben.
Flig, or Fligge, adj. spoken of young full fledged birds. Flygge plumea, Pal. Fligge as bird, maturus, P. P. C.
Flough, pronounced gutturally ; a flea. In Lan. Fleigh.
Fretten, part, rubbed, marked, O. W. used chiefly in pock-fretten.
I^rim, adj. tender or brittle. Lan.
Frowart, or Fro warts, adv. forward.
Forthink, v. to repent. O. W Chaucer. Piers Ploughman. Jam.
Forthought, s. repentance. Forethought is forecast or prospective wisdom ; but our word has quite a different sense, signifying priva¬ tion, as in forget, forgo (as it ought to be written and not as it generally is forego) ; the pronunciation of Forthought is very dif¬ ferent from that of forethought.
G.
Gee, v. to fit, sute, or agree together. Lan. from the O. W. to gee or to gie, to go.
27
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire .
Gell, s. a great deal.
Gheeten, part, gotten.
Giller or rather Guiller, s. several horse hairs twisted together to compose a fishing line.
Gil-hooter, s. an owl.
Gird, s. and v. a push, to push as a bull does. Shak. Ash calls it a twitch, a pang, but I apprehend wrong. Gyrd perce or strike thorow with a speare or weapon, Pal. Johnson gives it a different sense from what it bears in Cheshire.
Globed to, part, wedded to, foolishly fond of. Ray alone from Glop, fatuus, Ihre.
Gloppen, v. to astonish, or stupify : from Glop also.
Gliff, s. a glimpse.
Golding, s. a marygold.
Good, s. property of any kind.
Goody, s. Goodwife ; a kind of familiar address or title given to wo¬ men rather in an inferior station of life. It grows much out of use.
Gradely, Greadly, Graidly, adj. decent, orderly, good sort of man, thriving honestly in the world ; gradus, latin, or to gree. O. W. for agree.
Guill, v. to dazzle.
Gueout, s. the Gout ; it is also a soft spungy part of a field, full of springs, a defective place, perhaps used in a figurative sense.
Gull, s. a naked gull, so are called all nestling birds in quite an un¬ fledged state. They have always a yellowish cast, and the word is I believe derived from the Ang. Sax. geole, or the Sui. Got. gul, yellow. Som. and Ihre. The Commentators, not aware of the mean¬ ing of the term naked gull, blunder in their attempt to explain those lines of Shakespear in Timon of Athens,
Lord Timon will be left a naked Gull,
Which flashes now a Phoenix.
H.
Hagg ; to work by the Hagg is to work by the great, in contradistinc¬ tion to day-work. Day-labour is pretty much fixed, but to work
«8 An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
by the Great or by the Job must be subject to a bargain, i. e. to a Hagg or Haggle, the usual consequence of bargaining.
Haigh, or hay, v. to have. Lan.
Halow, or hailow, adj. Lan. awkwardly bashful, or shy, from the A. S. hwyl, bashful. Lan. healow.
Hantle, or handtle, s. a handful. Jamieson rightly explains this word, as it is commonly used in Scotland, by a great quantity ; but the doubt which he expresses of its being derived from handful, when we state that the two similar words of piggintle and noggintle are in constant use in this County, is wholly done away.
Hattie, adj. wild, skittish. Ash calls it local.
Haviours, s. behaviour, to be on ones haviours is to be on ones good behaviour. Jam. uses havins, or havings, in the same sense.
Hidlands, s. concealment. When a Person keeps out of the way from the fear of being arrested, he is said to be in hidlands.
Hilling, or heeling, s. the covering of a book, the quilt or blanket. Lan. to hill, or hilling. It is a good O. W. used by Wicliffe in his translation of the New Testament, but I never heard it used in common conversation, except in Lancashire and Cheshire.
Hinge, adj. active, supple.
Hobbity Hoy, an awkward stripling between Man and Boy. Tusser calls it Hobart de Hoigh. I believe it to be simply Hobby the Hoy¬ den, or Robert the Hoyden. The word Hoyden is by no means conhned to the female sex ; antiently indeed it is believed to have been confined to the male sex, meaning a rude ill-behaved person. See Todd’s Diet, in voce Hoiden.
Hog, or Hogg, s. a heap of Potatoes of either a conical or roof-shaped form, probably so called from its resemblance to a Hog’s Back. It is always covered within with straw and earth to preserve them from the frost, the usual mode in Cheshire.
Hogg, v. to put up Potatoes in this way.
Hure, s. the hair. Lan.
Hoo, or rather oo, j won. She. This word which is in common use in the Counties ol Chester and Lancaster, is merely the An. Sax. Heo.
29
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
See Lagamon of Ernley’s translation of W ace’s Brut, Robert of Gloucester’s Chronicle passim, and Somner.
Hurry, s. a bout, a set to, a scolding, a quarrel.
I.
Jack Nicker, s. a Gold Finch, why so called I cannot conjecture. It is particular however to oberve the appropriation of Christian Names to many kind of Birds. Thus all little Birds are by Children called Dicky Birds. We have Jack Snipe, Jack Daw, Tom Tit, Ro¬ bin Redbreast, Poll Parrot, a Gill-hooter; a Magpie is always called Madge, a Starling Jacob, a Sparrow Philip, and a Raven Ralph.
Jack Sharp, or Sharpling, s. a small fish called a Stickle Back.
Jag, or Jagg, s. a parcel, a small load of hay or corn. In Norfolk it is called a Bargain.
Jersey, or rather Jaysey, a ludicrous and contemptuous term for a lank head of hair, as resembling combed wool or flax, which is called Jersey. He has got a fine Jaysey.
Insense, v. to instruct, to inform ; to lay open a business to any one is to insense him.
Intack, s. an inclosure on a common, waste, or forest.
Jurnut, or Yernut, s. a pignut, Bunium Bulbocastanum.
K.
Kale. See in voce Cale.
Kailyards, or rather Kelyards, the name of certain orchards in the city of Chester. Kailyard in Scotch is a Kitchen Garden. Jam.
Kazardly, adj. Lan. unlucky, liable to accident : perhaps a corruption of hazardly.
Keck, v. to put any thing under a vessel to make it stand uneven. In Lancashire Keyke or Kyke, is to stand crooked. Keck, v. is usually to heave at the stomach.
Keeve, v. to overturn, or lift up a cart so as to unload it all at once. Ash calls it local.
Kench, s. a twist or wrench, a strain or sprain.
30
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Keout, s. a little barking cur-dog. Randle Holme uses Skaut or Kaut for the same, which seems to designate Scout for its etymo¬ logy, and this is partly confirmed by that line of Tusser —
Make Bandog thy Scout-watch to bark at a Thief.
Kerve, v. to turn sour.
Kid-crow, or Kid-crew, s. a place to put a Sucking-Calf in.
Kind, v. to kindle the fire.
Kitling, s. a kitten. Ash says it is not common. It is Scotch, Jam. Kytlinge, Catellus, P. P. C.
Kiver, v. and s. used by Wicliffe in his MS. translation of the Psalms.
Knocker-knee’d, adj. said of those knees which in action strike against each other. It is usually called Baker-knee’d.
Knotchelled or notchelled, adj. or part. When a man publicly de¬ clares he will not pay any of his wife’s debts, which have been con¬ tracted since some fixed day, she is said to be knotchelled, a certain disgraceful imaginary mark. Lan.
L.
Lat, s. a Lath, Lan.
Lat, adj. Lat, Lattance, s. hindrance, lat, v. to hinder. Jam. has lat- tance as well as to lat, v. to hinder. Ang. Sax. lat-an, to hinder.
Lathe, v. to ask, to invite, O. W. Lan.
, Laws you now, exclamation. See you now, used as Lo ! The An. Sax. is La.
Leet, v. to let, also to light with a person, or meet him.
Leet, leeten, v. to pretend or feign. You are not so ill as you leeten yourself, as you suffer yourself to appear. In Jam. Scotch Dic¬ tionary we read to leit, leet, let, to pretend to give, to make a shew of. Junius assigns laeten, Belg. for its origin.
Licksome, or Lissome, adj. lightsome, pleasant, agreeable. Lissome often means active, agile, the same as hinge.
Light, s. a little. A farmer after enumerating the number of acres he has in wheat and barley, will often add, and a light wuts, i. e. a little oats.
31
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Lipp’n, v. to lippen, to expect. A. Sax. Leaf-an credere.
Lithe, v. to lithe the pot is to put thickenings into it.
Lither, adj. Lan. idle, lazy ; long and lither is said of a tall idle per¬ son. Ash calls it obsolete A. S. lith, mollis, lenis. Chaucer uses it as wicked.
Lithing, or Lithings, s. thickening for the pot, either flour or oatmeal Lyder, Islandic, to alye, is an O. W. for to mix.
Litigious, adj. I have heard weather that impeded the harvest so called, but believe it is only a cant term, and not a true county word.
Locked, part, a faced card in a pack is said to be locked.
Loom, s. a utensil, a tool, a piece of furniture. Som. says Geloma, utensilia, supellex, utensils, things of frequent necessary use, house¬ hold stuff*. Belgis eodem sensu alaem alem. Hinc jurisperitorum nostrorum heir lome, pro supellectili haereditaria.
Lop, loppen, perfect tense and participle of the verb to leap.
Lorjus, an exclamation. Lord Jesus.
Luck, v. to happen by good fortune. If I had lucked.
Lungeous, adj. ill tempered, disposed to do some bodily harm by a blow or otherwise. Allonger, French, to lunge. A lunge is com¬ mon for a violent kick of a horse, though Dr. Ash has omitted it.
M.
Madpash, s. a madbrain. Pash is the head. See Jam.
Maigh, or may, v. Lan. to make. Maigh th’ Dur or th’ Yate, shut or fasten them, perhaps an abbreviation of make fast.
Marefart, s. the name of the yellow Ragwort.
Masker, v. the same as Flasker. Jam. has to mask, to catch in a net.
Maw-bound, s. said of a cow in a state of costiveness. Maw is the stomach.
Mawks, s. a dirty figure, or mixture. Ash calls it colloquial.
Meal, s. the appointed time when a cow is milked. She gives so much at a meal. A. S. Mael, portio aut Spatium temporis, Som.
Measter, s. Master.
32
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Melch, adj. mild, soft; perhaps from milk, either through the medium of the A. S. meolc or the Belgic melk. Lan.
Mich, adj. Michness, s. Scotch. Jam. mich of a michness, much the same.
Mickles, s. size. He is of no mickles ; he is of no size or height.
Mid-feather, s. is a narrow ridge of land left between two pits, usually between an old marl-pit and a narrow one which lie contiguous to each other.
Mizzick, s. mizzicky, adj. a boggy place. Johnson has mizzy.
Mizzle, s. small rain. Dr. Ash admits the verb to mizzle, but rejects the substantive.
Mot, s. mote, generally that which surrounds an antient country seat.
Mortacious, adj. mortal, mortacious bad.
Muckinder, s. a dirty napkin or pocket-handkerchief. In Ort. Voc. we have Muckeder, mete cloth or towel. Littleton has muckinger.
Much, s. a wonder, an extraordinary thing. It is much if such a thing happen.
Mun, must.
Muncorn, blencorn, s. maslin, wheat and rye mixed together as they grow, quasi, mungril corn. Mungril is mixed. See Minshew.
Mysell, pron. so pronounced, myself.
» N.
Naar or Nar, nearer. Littleton has narr for nearer.
Natter’d, adj. natured, i. e. ill-natured, very nattered is very ill- tempered. Knattle in Lan. is cross, ill-natured.
Neest, s. Nest. The boys say to go birds neezing.
Neese, v. to sneeze.
Neezle, v. to nestle, to settle oneself in a good situation.
Nobbut, none but. Who was there? Nobbut John.
Noggintle, a Nogginful.
Nogging, s. the filling up the interstice between the timberwork in a wooden building with sticks and clay is called the nogging.
Noint, v. to anoint; figuratively, to beat severely.
33
An Attempt at a Glossary of some JVords used in Cheshire.
Nought, or Naught, adj. Lan. bad, worthless, stark nought, good for nothing.
Nought, naught; to call to naught, to abuse very much. To call to naught, is in Hor. Vul. p. 134, in tergo.
O.
On, adv. a female of any kind who is maris appetens is said to be on.
Onliest, adj. pronounced ownliest, superlative of only, the best or most approved way of doing any thing is said to be the onliest way.
Oss, or Osse, v. Lan. to offer, begin, attempt, or set about any thing, to be going away. Ash calls it local. Holland in his translation of Plutarch has “ Osses and Presages,” where I suppose by Osses he means beginnings or attempts ; to osse is likewise to recommend a person to assist you.
Ownder, or Aunder, s. the afternoon. Undern is used by Chaucer.
Owether, either. O. W. Piers Ploughman, Whitaker’s Edition.
Owler, s. the alder tree. Allar and Eller are Scotch. Jam.
P.
Pewit Land, s. moist, spungy land ; such as the Pewit usually fre¬ quents.
Piggintle, s. a pigginful .
Pilpit, Pulpit. A Cheshire Farmer, on being asked how he liked the new Clergyman, replied, He is a pretty rough man in the reading desk, but when he gets into the pilpit, he goes off like the smoke of a ladle.
Pink, or Penk, s. a menow, a small fish. Littleton has Penk.
Pip, or Peep, £. a single Blossom, where flowers grow in Bunches, (as in the Auricula) hence a spot on the cards is called a pip, fiori in Italian being the name of one of the suits of cards.
Pipe, s. a small Dingle or Ravin, breaking out from a larger one.
Plat, s. a small bridge over a stream or gutter, probably from flat.
VOL XIX.
F
34 An Attempt at a Glossary of some IV ords used in Cheshire.
Plim, v. to plumb or fathom with a plummet.
Plim, adj. or adv. perpendicular.
Poller, or Powler, v. properly to beat in the water with a pole ; figu¬ ratively, to labour without effect.
Poppilary, or Peppilary, s. the poplar tree.
Poss, v. to poss is a jocular punishment common among marlers when any one comes late to work in the morning, he is held across a horse with his posteriors exposed, and struck on them with the flat side of a spade by the head workman, called the Lord of the marl pit.
Pote, or Pawt, v. Lan. to kick with one foot. Jam. has to paut. Belgice, poteren. Jun.
Powse, Pous, or Poust, s. Lan. filth, dirt ; perhaps from the French poussiere, dust. See Skinner in voce Poust, also Piers Ploughman.
Prove, v. to prove pregnant, spoken of cattle.
Q.
Quick, s. Quickset. Quicks are plants of Quicksets.
R.
Radling, s. Lan. a long stick or rod, either from a staked hedge, or from a barn-wall made with long sticks twisted together and plaistered with clay. See Ellis’s Specimens of early English Poetry, Vol. i. p. 318. “ Radyll of a Carte, Costee,” Pal. Quaere if not a
rodling? Raddles are hurdles.
Rake up the fire, is not only to rake the bottom of the grate, but also to supply it well with coals, that it may continue burning all night, a custom regularly observed by the Kitchen maid to the Kitchen fire in all the northen counties, where coals are abundant.
Rame, Ream, or Rawm, v. to stretch out the arm as if to reach any thing, from raemen extendere. Kil.
Rappit, a Rabbet.
Rappit it, or rot it, a trivial exclamation expressing dissatisfaction.
Rase-brained, adj. violent, impetuous, perhaps only rash-brained, though rasend in German is mad.
35
An Attempt at a Glossary of some IV ords used in Cheshire.
Raught, perfect tense of the verb to reach ; used by Shakspeare.
Ready, v. to comb the head with the wide-toothed comb. Jam. has to red the head or the hair, to loosen or disentangle it.
Reean, s. Lan. a small gutter. A. S. Rin, a Stream. Som.
Reef, s. a rash on the skin : the itch or any eruptive disorder : from its being Rife or reef, i. e. frequent on the skin.
Render, v. Lan. to separate or disperse. It is commonly used as in the phrase, to render Suet, which is to break it to pieces, cleanse it, and melt it down. See Jam. in voce rind. Islan. raenn-a, rinde, lique- facere, to melt.
Rid, v. in the sense, get rid of. It is used to clear a hedge or bushes on a piece of land, chiefly to rid gorse.
Riner, s. a toucher. It is used at the game of Quoits. A Riner is when the Quoit touches the peg or mark. A whaver is when it rests upon the peg, and hangs over, and consequently wins the cast. To shed Riners with a whaver is a proverbial expression, from Ray, and means to surpass any thing skilful or adroit by some¬ thing still more so. Rinda Ost. Got. Ihre — rennen, tangere ; Wach.
Rise, or Rice, s. a twig, a branch. O. W. Chaucer. In our county it is still retained in the compound, Pea- Rise for Pea-Sticks. Ash calls it obsolete. Danis riisz, est virga ; Jun. Riis, sirculus ; Kilian.
Risli, s. a rush, it was anciently written Rysch, or Rysshe. P. P. C. and Ort. Voc.
Risome, or Rism, s. the head of the oat. Well risom’d is well headed: some think it comes from racemus, but probably it has the same origin as Rise. Randle Holme, in his Academy of Armory has “ Rizomes, the sparsed ears of oats in the straw. A Rizome head” a chaffy sparsed head ; the corn in the oats are not called ears but rizomes.”
•■* - ** • * ; 1 1 '
Rotten, s. Lan. a rat or rats ; rotta is Suedish for a rat. See Screnius’s Swedish Dictionary.
Ruck, v. to get close or huddle together as fowls do.
Ruck, s. Lan. a heap ; not quite peculiar to this County. Scotch. Jam Ruga vel Ruka Sui. Got. cumulus, acervus. Ihre.
f 2
36 An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Ruckling’, s. the least of a brood.
Rute, v. to cry with vehemence, to strive, as children do sometimes in crying, to make as much noise as they can, to bellow or roar. Ash calls it obsolete. It is admitted here on the sole authority of Ray.
Rynt, Roynt, Runt, v. Lan. in voce rynty, to get out of the way. Rynt thee, is an expression used by milk-maids to a cow when she has been milked, to bid her get out of the way. Ash calls it local. It is used by Shakspeare, and puzzles the Commentators. Possibly it may owe its origin to the old adverb Arowne, found in P. P. C. and there explained by remote, seorsum, or from Ryman, or ru- mian, A. S. to get out of the way. Rym thysum men setl, give this man place. Saxon Gospels, Luke c. 14. v. 0.
S.
Safe, adj. sure, certain. He is safe to be hanged.
Sapy, adj. foolish, perhaps only sappy ill-pronounced. Sap-scull is common.
Sarmon, s. a sermon.
Saugh, s. the sallow tree, as Faugh is from fallow.
Sblid, oath ; by his blood.
Scrattle, v. to scratch, as fowls do.
Smutch, v. Lan. a rod, a whip, perhaps switch corrupted. Ash admits the substantive and rejects the verb.
Scuttle, s. a small piece of wood pointed at both ends, used at a game like trap-ball, perhaps from scute, O. W. for a boat, it being exactly of that shape. Johnson explains the word in a different sense.
Seech, v. seeched ; part, to seek.
Seech, Sech, Sike, or Syke, s. Lan. a spring in a field which, having no immediate outlet, forms a boggy place. Sich, Ang. Sax. a furrow or gutter, Som.
Seechy, adj. boggy.
Segg, s. a bull castrated when full grown, Lan. Scotch. Jam.
Shape, v. to begin, to set about any thing; to be shaping is to be going
37
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
away. Shape me; prepare me, make me ready, m’ apprester, Pal. To shape one’s course is a common expression, either in nautical or familiar discourse. See Ort. Voc. in voce Evado.
Sell, pron. in the compounds mysell, yoursell, hissell.
Selt, s. chance, a thing of rare occurrence ; hence, seldom and selcouth (a northern term) Ang. Sax. seld, rarus.
Shed, v. to surpass, or divide; perhaps it should be written sched. Scotch. Jam. to shed hair, to separate it in order that it may fall on each side; “ as heaven’s water sheds or deals” (to deal is to separate) is a northern expression for the boundary of different districts, gene¬ rally the summits of a ridge of hills, from scheeden, separare. Kil.
Shepster, s. the starling, a bird which frequents sheep.
Shewds, s. quasi sheds, Lan. the husks of oats when separated from the corn.
Shippin, Shippen, or Ship’n, 5. the cow-house: I suppose it is originally sheep-pen.
Shoat, s. in some places a Shot, a young pig between a Sucker and a Porker; it is also a term of contempt when applied to a young person.
Shoo, s. a shovel.
Shoo, or Shu, v. to shoo, to drive away any thing, particularly birds from the com or garden. Lan. Scheuchen, Germ, to drive away.
Sibbed, adj. related to, of kin to. Lan. Sib or Sibbe is a good O. W. for relationship, still retained in gossip, i. e. Gods Sib. Sibbe, atfi- nitas, Teut. Kilian.
Sirry, s. sirrah, a contemptuous term often used to dogs.
Skeer, v. to skeer the esse, is to clear the grate ; separating the ashes from the live coals.
Skelp, v. to leap awkwardly, as a cow does. Skelp, Scotch. Jam.
Skellerd, adj. crooked, out of the perpendicular, from Schcel, obli- quus, transversus. Kil.
Sken, v. to squint.
Skew, or Skew-bald, adj. a Skewbald is a piebald horse.
Skrike, v. to shriek out loud. Lan. O. W. Skraik is Scotch, Jam.
38
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Skufft, s. the back part of the neck.
Slack, s. small coal ; Lan. sometimes pronounced sleek, also a low moist place between two hills. Scotch. Jam.
Slather, or Slur, v. to slip or slide.
Sleek, v. to extinguish. Lan.
Sniddle, s. long grass, Lan.
Sope, s. a sup ; a sope of rain is a great deal of rain.
Spact, adj. quick, comprehensive, also in one's senses. He is not quite spact, means he is under some alienation of mind. Ash calls the word local, and does not give this last meaning.
Spocken, participle of the verb to speak. Spak. Ost. G. Ihre.
Springow, adj. nimble, active. Littleton has springal.
Squander, v. to separate or disperse; to squander a covey of partridges.
Staggering Bob, or Yellow Slippers, names given by butchers to very young calves ; when in that state their hoofs are yellow.
Staw, v. i. e. to stay: a cart stopped in a slough, so as not to be able to proceed, is said to be stawed.
Stele, or Steal, the stalk of a flower, or the handle of a rake or broom : stele, Ang. Sax. Ash calls it local.
Stepmother’s Blessing, s. a little reverted skin about the nail, often called a back friend.
Stowk, s. stalk or handle of a pail ; it is also a drinking cup with a handle; a stowk of ale.
Stract, adj. abbreviation of distracted.
Streea, s. a straw, one who goes out of the country for improvement and returns without having gained much, is said to have left it to learn to call a streea a straw.
Strushion, s. destruction, Lan.
Stubbo, or Stubbow, 5. stubble.
Stut, v. to stutter or stammer.
Swippo, or Swippow, adj. supple.
Swippo, s. the thick part of a flail is so called. In Scotch swap is a sharp stroke, Jam.
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
39
T.
T aching end, s. i. e. attaching end, a shoemaker’s waxed string.
Tack, s. a lease, or part of a lease, for a certain time is called a tack, i. e. simply a take.
Tack, s. hold, confidence, reliance : there is no tack in such a one, he is not to be trusted. Johnson has this word, but not in this sense.
Taffy, s. what is called coverlid ; this is treacle thickened by boiling and made into hard cakes. Tafia, or taffiat, sugar and brandy made into cakes, French.
Taigh, or Tay, v. Scotch, to take. Jam. ; to tack is also to take.
Tchem, s. vide in Chem.
Teen, s. anger, Ray, Lan. tynan, A. S. incitare, Som.
Tent, v. to attend or guard ; also to hinder or prevent, Lan.
Thatch-pricks, s. or simply the latter word, sticks used in thatching.
That’n, a that’n, adv. in that manner.
Think on, v. to remind.
This’ll, adv. in this way.
Thrippa, v. to beat.
Tlirunk, adj. thronged, crowded. “ As thrunk as three in abed,” is an adage.
Thrutch, v. Lan. to thrust or squeeze; squeezing or pressing the cheese is called thrutching it. Palsgrave says, “ Threche, pynche, pincer, this is a farre northern term.”
Thunna, s. and v. thunder.
Tickle, see Kickle or Coggle.
Tin, or Tyne, v. Lan. to shut. Tin the dur, shut the door.
Tin, adv. till.
Toot, s. to pry curiously or impertinently into any little domestic concern. Toten, O. W. for to look out. Chaucer has toteth for looketh ; a tote-hill is an eminence from whence there is a good look-out.
Turmit, s. a turnip, Lan.
40 An Attempt at a Glossary of some IVords used in Cheshire.
Twitchel, s. i. e. tway child, twice a child. A person whose intellect is so weakened by age as to become childish is called a twitchel. Twitchel, v. to geld a bull or ram by forcing the chords of his testicles into a cleft stick, so that the chords rot and the testicles fall off. A. S. twiccan, vellicare. See Skinner.
V. U.
Value, s. amount, as well in measure as in quantity; circiter; when you come to the value of five feet deep.
Variety, s. a rarity.
Vew, or View, s. a yew-tree, Lan.
Unbethink, v. to recollect, often implying a change of opinion. Ash calls it local.
Unco, Uncow, or Unkert, adj. awkward, strange, uncommon, Lan. Cockeram in his Dictionary has “ Uncoth, unknown, strange, merely uncouth.”
Undeniable, adj. good, with which no fault can be found. An undeniable road is not only a long established road, but also one in perfect repair.
Up and told, or rather upped and told, making a verb of up; to tell with energy or animation. Perhaps merely rose up and told.
i
\ W.
Waiter, s. water.
Wall, s. a spring of water, O. W. walle, Teut. ebullitio, Kil. weallan, bullire. A. S.
Wall up, v. to spring up.
VVarch, s. pain, Lan. Scotch. See Jam. under Wark.
Warre or Worre, worse; warre and warre, worse and worse.
Wart, or rather Walt, v. in Lan. to wawt, is to overturn ; chiefly used to carriages. To waiter, in Scotch, is to overturn, and a sheep await is a cast sheep. Skinner derives it from the Islandic Valter,
41
An Attempt at a Glossary of some Words used in Cheshire.
Weet, s. wet weather, Lan.
Weet, v. to rain rather slightly, Lan.
Welly, adv. well nigh.
Wern, v. abbreviation of weren, the plural of the perfect tense of the verb to be : used only when the following word begins with a vowel.
Wetshet, or Wetched, adj. wet shod, wet in the feet.
Will- Jill, or Will-Gill, s. an Hermaphrodite.
Withering, adj. tall, strong, Lan.
Wharre, s. crabs, or the crab tree. Sour as wharre.
Whave, v. to hang over.
Whaver, s. See in voce Riner.
Wheady, adj. that measures more than it appears to be. Dr. Ash explains it ill by tedious, and calls it local.
Wheam, ad. Lan. lying near, convenient, ready at hand ; perhaps from home, here pronounced whome.
Wheamow, adj. nimble, active. Ray.
Whick, adj. alive.
Whin-stone, s. a coarse-grained stone, toad-stone, rag-stone. Jam.
Whoave, v. Lan. to cover or overwhelm. Ray.
Whome or Whoam, s. Lan. home.
Whooked, adj. broken in health, shaken in every joint. Ash calls it local, perhaps merely shook.
Whot, adj. hot.
Wooan, or Wone, v. to dwell ; wooant, did dwell. Lan. Ash calls it obsolete, woonen, habitare. Kil. A. S. wunian, the same.
Wuts, Whoats, s. oats.
Wych- waller, s. a salt boiler at one of the wyches in Cheshire. Wice, Sax. Sinus, or the bend of a river. “ To scold like a wych-waller” is a common adage.
Wyzels, s. the green stems of potatoes. Randle Holme, in his Aca¬ demy of Armory, calls them wisomes, and uses the term to carrots or turnips. Weize is the German for corn, as holm is for straw, Peas-holm is still in use.
VOL. XIX.
G
42
An Attempt at a Glossary of ' some Words used in Cheshire.
Y.
Yaff, v. to bark. A little fow yaffing cur, is a little ugly barking Scotch. Jam. Gaf. Ang. Sax. a Babbler.
Yate, s. gate. Lan.
Yed or Yead, s. head.
Yedward, Yethart, s. Lan. Edward.
Yelve, s. a dung fork, or prong.
Yelve, v. to dig chiefly with the yelve.
Yern or Yarn, s. a heron.
Yernuts, s. see Jurnuts.
Yewking, Yewkingly. adj. and adv. having a sickly appearance.
43
T’r A - a n-F n Stnnp. TKnrrtvrn in *ho P'™**"*; T.i- ^YP//nn. nt I V • J\il /lOL'l/li/l'*/ wy - * 1/fcV} €/#«/ tHl/ -i- l A.ltt>lC UJ rf CLLuZk/y Ufr
Stoney Littleton in the County of Somerset , which zms opened and investigated in the Month of May 1816. Communicated by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart. F.S.A.
Read 22d May, 1817-
In my introduction to the Ancient History of South Wiltshire, 1 have endeavoured to investigate with accuracy and minuteness, the various barrows with which our chalk hills particularly abound. I have stated their forms, construction, and contents. Those which occur most frequently, may be divided into four classes. I. The long barrow. II. The bowl-shaped barrow. III. The bell-shaped barrow. IV. The Druid barrow. The two first, from the general simplicity of their structure, appear to be the most ancient ; for in N° 3 we find a great degree of symmetry in the design, which corresponds with the figure of a bell : and N° 4 varies materially from all the preceding. I know not from what circumstances the learned Dr. Stukeley appro¬ priated these low tumuli to the British order of Priests called Druids; I am rather inclined to think, from the result of our own researches, that they were destined to receive the bones and the ashes of the female tribe of Britons ; for the articles generally found within them, both with regard to size and quality, have been such as were more becoming to a lady than a priest. But the most inexplicable of all the barrows, and the most distinguished by its size and construction, is the Long Barrow , consisting of an immense long ridge of earth, pointing most frequently from East to West; and rising to a higher degree of elevation towards the former aspect. These are the barrows which the Northern Writers describe as ship barrows — carince instar.
In endeavouring to investigate and develope the history of these great efforts of human art, much time and expense have been lavished, and I fear, without much profit or information. We have invariably
g 2
44
Account of a Stone Barrow
found the sepulchral deposit placed under the East, or most distin¬ guished end of the tumulus ; and the interments to consist of skeletons buried in an irregular and promiscuous manner, and unaccompanied by those fine urns, gilt daggers, &c. which have rewarded our labours in the bowl and bell-shaped barrows. From these circumstances we might be led to suppose that they had been raised over the bodies of the lower class of people ; but can we suppose that the British tribes would have raised such immense mounds for this purpose ?
A false idea has prevailed respecting the sepulchral mounds which we see so thickly dispersed over the chalky hills in Wiltshire and Dorset. They have been called battle barrows, as if raised over the bodies of the Britons who were slain in battle. The barrow, in my opinion, was a grave of honour, raised over the ashes of the chief¬ tain, not of the vassal, whose remains were deposited in the parent earth, without the distinguishing mark of an elevated mound. I am inclined to form this conjecture, from the frequent discoveries made on our bare downs of skeletons, sine tumulo, and many of our large bar- rows, have been found to contain the bones or ashes of one single corpse. Still, however, the verdant mound raised over the body of the de¬ ceased, whether interred toto corpore , or reduced to ashes by crema¬ tion, appears from uncontested evidence, to have been the most ancient and simple mode of burial ; and whether we consider the sepulchral mounds on the shores of the Hellespont, & c. or compare the gigantic tumuli at Abury and Marden with the humble grave in our English church-yards, still we may adopt in their descriptions, the words of Tacitus,
Sepulchrum cespes er 'igit.
A new species of tumulus now excites my attention, which I shall denominate the Stone Barrow, varying from the Long Barrow; not in its external , but in its internal mode of construction. None of this kind occurred to me during my researches in South Wiltshire ; loi the material ol stone with which they were partly formed was wanting. But some I have found in North Wiltshire, and will be
45
at Stoney Littleton in the County of Somerset.
described in my ancient history of that district. I have met with some specimens both in Ireland and in Anglesey, but none corresponding in plan, or more perfect in its construction, than the one which I have now the honour to submit to the consideration of my brother Anti¬ quaries.
The first sight I had of this barrow was at a time when Colonel Leigh of Combe Hay had ordered a Roman pavement to be uncovered at Wellow, in the year 1807, for the satisfaction of his friends and the curious in Antiquities. a It was then pointed out to me at some distance from the spot on which we were engaged with the Romans ; and Colonel Leigh, in the most obliging manner, offered to have it opened whenever I could attend. But various other antiquarian researches attracted my attention till the year 1816, when my friend Mr. Skinner, the Rector of the adjoining parish of Camerton, kindly offered to undertake and superintend the necessary operations.
Under his judicious and able guidance, an opening was made in the roof, and the whole of the passage cleared of its rubbish ; and he had the satisfaction to find that the interior had suffered very little by the lapse of time, having experienced only one inconsiderable fracture in the roof, which being enlarged, served as our adit on this occasion.
This singular burying place is of an oblong form, measuring 107 feet in length, 54 feet in extreme width over the barrow, and 13 feet in height. [PI. I.] It stands on the side of a sloping field, called “ Round Hill Tyningf about three quarters of a mile to the S. W. of Wellow church, and nearly the same distance to the South of Wellow Hays (the field in which is the Roman pavement), and a short half mile from Stoney Littleton house. The entrance to this tumulus faces the North West: a large stone upwards of seven feet long and three and a half wide, supported by two others, forms the lintern over a square aperture about four feet high, which had been closed, by a
* I was present at the uncovering of this fine mosaic pavement, and saw with astonishment an engraving made from it, at the period of its first discovery, which differed so totally from the original, that I could almost fancy it had been done from memory.
i
46
Account of a Stone Barrow
large stone, apparently for many years. [PI. II.] This was re¬ moved in my presence, and the original entrance restored. It then discovered to us a long and narrow passage or avenue, extending in length forty-seven feet six inches, and varying in its breadth. The straight line is broken, if I may use the modern expression, by three transepts, forming as many recesses on each side of the avenue. These correspond only in their relative situation, as being placed op¬ posite to each other ; not in the uniformity of their construction, as will be seen by the annexed section. [PI. I.] The side walls are formed of thin laminae of stone piled closely together without ce¬ ment, and a rude kind of arched roof is made by stones so placed as to overlap each other. Where the large stones in the side walls did not join, the interstices were filled up with layers of small stones, as described in PI. III.
After a lapse of so many centuries since the probable formation of this sepulchre, our antiquarian zeal could not be carried to such a pitch, as to lead us to the expectation of making any new or perfect discovery ; and indeed we were informed, by the neighbouring inha¬ bitants, that it had been resorted to as a stone quarry by a farmer, and as a hiding place by a fox, who had taken shelter there, but in vain. Our investigation fully proved, that the interments had been disturbed, and their deposits probably removed ; for, in the long ave¬ nue, we met with many fragments of bones, &c. which had probably been removed from the sepulchral recesses ; many of which had been filled up with stones, and other rubbish. In the furthermost recess at A. were leg and thigh bones, with smaller fragments. At B. there were confused heaps of bones and earth. At C. four jaw-bones were found, the teeth perfect ; also the upper part of two crania, which appeared to us remarkably flat in the forehead : there were also several leg, thigh, and arm bones, with vertebrcB, but no perfect skeleton. This cell had been less disturbed than the others, owing to one of the side stones having fallen down across the entrance. In the cist D. were fragments of an earthen vessel, with burned bones ; also a number of
47
at Stoney Littleton in the County of Somerset.
bones, which from their variety seemed to have been the relics of two or three skeletons. At E. there is a stone placed across the pas¬ sage, for which I cannot well account, except we suppose that the sepulchral vault extended at first only thus far ; and in later times was enlarged to the present extent.
I have had occasion to remark in former publications, that the Long Barrow , in its local disposition, was generally directed from East to West, and that the broadest end was inclined towards the former point ; but in this tumulus now under consideration, there is a variety in its position, which bears nearly North East and South West, and has its broadest point towards the South East.
By the annexed Sketches, which I have the honour to lay before the Society, it will appear, that a certain rude uniformity has been ob¬ served in the general plan ; and that each side of the vault corresponds in the number of its recesses : but these vary in their dimensions, and no attention has been paid to the size or symmetry of the stones which line the sides, and which are placed in the same rude state as when extracted from the quarry, and at a period, probably, when the use of tools was unknown. The remains of bones, and fragments of pot¬ tery dispersed about this barrow, prove that the two systems of burial were here adopted; the interment of the body entire, and crema¬ tion : and after the most minute investigation, I have never been able to separate, with any degree of certainty, by two distinct periods, these different modes of burial : I am, however, inclined to think, that the very earliest mode of interment, was the gathering of the legs up towards the head : and that the latest mode was, extending the body at full length. We find also a variety in the system of cremation: for in some instances, the sepulchral urn is placed in an upright posi¬ tion : but much more frequently reversed over the ashes of the de¬ ceased. We have also found the two systems of burial and burning adopted in the same barrow.
I shall now request the attention of my brother Antiquaries, and especially of those versed in the science of Craniology, to the two
48
Account of a Stone Barrow , 8$c.
skulls discovered in this tumulus, which appear to be totally different in their formation from any others which our researches have led us to examine: being “ f route valde depressa .”a
I have always combated the vulgar idea that our barrows were raised over those fallen in battle ; and am inclined to think, that at the period when these mounds were first raised, peace rather than war prevailed in our island. Only one or two instances have occurred where we have found any defect or pressure on the skull, indicating a mortal wound : but in one of the barrows near Stonehenge, we dug up a skull, which appeared to have been cut in two by some very sharp instrument, and as nicely as any instrument of Savigny could have effected. This skull was re-interred in the same barrow. b
The singular beauty of the teeth has often attracted our attention : we have seldom found one unsound, or one missing, except in the cases of apparent old age. This peculiarity may be easily accounted for. The Britons led a pastoral life, feeding upon the milk of their flocks, and the venison of their forests ; and the sweets of the West Indies were to them totally unknown.
RICH. COLT HOARE.
a A similar instance occurred in Tumulus 173, page 206, Ancient Wilts, b In Tumulus 36, Ancient Wilts, page 163.
Stourhead, April IS 17.
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YOL.XIX.fJ.48.
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PI ale III. • VOL.XIX.jK48.
49
V. An Account of two Seals attached to a Deed of the Twelfth Century , granted by the Prior and Convent of St. Bartholomew , in Smithfield. By Richard Powell, M.D. In a Letter to William George Maton, M.D. F.R.S. and S.A.
Read 27th Nov. 1817.
Dear Sir,
The Society of Antiquaries have preserved in their publications two Seals of the ancient Convent of St. Bartholomew in Smithfield, and 1 am therefore induced to hope that the present communication of a third Seal used by the same Body may not be wholly unacceptable or uninteresting to them.
VOL. XIX.
H
50 Account of two Seals attached to a Deed of the \%th Century ,
With respect to the two Seals alluded to as already engraved, one of them will be found in the Archaeologia, Vol. xv. It was used, as is there stated, by the Friars Preachers, or Black Friars, when in the reign of Mary that part of the original Church which survived the ravages of the dissolution was restored to their use. The other is given in the Vetusta Monumenta, Vol. ii. PI. 36, over the figure of the monument of Prior Rahere. To this latter the accompanying history affixes no date, but it is said to be taken from the original in the Augmentation Office. That it belongs, however, to a much less early period than that which I have now the honour to submit to the Society is manifest from a variety of circumstances. The ornamented seat upon which a bearded figure is placed on one of its faces, and the Church of a crucial form, with long pointed windows divided by mul- lions and surmounted by trefoil and qnatrefoil ornaments, and with a tower surrounded by battlements, which is represented on the other, prove it to be the work and to represent the architecture of a later age. This use, however, of different Seals at different periods is not uncommon in the history of our religious establishments, and each of them supports and illustrates rather than invalidates the authority of the other.
I remember to have seen the subject of my communication some years since when I was engaged in an inquiry into the ancient state of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, which formed a most honorable and useful appendage to the ancient neighbouring Convent, and an accidental circumstance has recently brought it again under my notice.
The Heed itself is beautifully written in the characters of its period upon parchment, and is in good preservation, and contains a life grant of the Church of St. Sepulchre from the Prior and Convent of St. Bartholomew, upon the condition of certain payments. It appears that this Church was under the patronage of the Convent at that period by the Charter of Henry I.a which describes it in the following words as on,e of their possessions. “ Ex dono Rogeri quondam Sarum Epis-
a Dugd. Mon. Angl. tom. ii. p. 171.
granted by the Prior and Convent of St. Bartholomew , Smithfeld. 5 1
copi, ecclesiam Sancti Sepulchri de ballio London cum pertinentiis sui^ infra Burgum et extra.'5 Now the above named Roger was Bishop of Sarurri from 1107 to 1139,a and he is also one of the witnesses to the Charter given by Henry I. to the Convent of St. Bartholomew, which bears date 1133.b
1 read the Deed itself as follows : “ Notum sit universis fidelibus quod ego Raherus Sancti Bartholomei qui est in Smetliefeld prior, totusqne Ecclesiae nostrafe Conventus, Ecclesiam Sancti Sepulchri Hagnoni Cle- rico, si regulam alterius professionis non inierit usque ad finem dierum suorum, in eleemosina concessimus. Illud autem scitote quod idem praedictus Hagno singulis annis ad usum Canonicorum simul & pauperum in Hospitali degentium quinquaginta solidos nobis reddet. In festivi- tate Sancti Michaelis xxv. solidos, xxv. in Paselia. Anno incarnationis Domini 1137, anno vero secundo imperii Stephani regisin Anglia: his existentibus testibus, Haco Decanus, Hugo Sancti Martini canonicus, Gwalterus frater Gulielmi archidiaconi, Haroldus canonicus, Radufus Magister, Gilebert.us presbyter, Osbertus presbyter, Rodbertus de Sancta Maria, Algarus presbyter, Godefridus filius Baldwini saccarius, Rogerus magister, Alexander, Odo, Gaufridus cunestable, Ricardus presbyter, Burdo clericus, Gaufridus de Heli.”
At the bottom of the Deed, through separate apertures cut in the parchment, are passed two long double slips, also of parchment, and to which two large seals of red wax are affixed.
The Seals are distinct and not of the same form ; that on the left of the Deed being round and of the diameter of 2-^ inches, that on the right being oval in its form and of inches by 2^-. The form of the latter is much less oval than that which has been since chiefly adopted for ecclesiastical seals, and to which some mystical signification seems to have been attached.
The first and principal of these Seals is the round one: it has a sur¬ rounding inscription which is somewhat broken and imperfect, but the
v a See Britton’s Salisb. Cathedral.
*■ See Dugdale, tom. ii. p. 386. where he is described as Episcopus Salesbirfee.
H 2
52 Account of two Seals attached to a Deed of the 1 Zth Century ,
letters, particularly the M, and, except in one instance, the E also, ap¬ proximate more in their shape and arrangement to the Roman manner, and may therefore perhaps lead to an inference that it is the older of the two. I conjecture that it may thus be read, those letters which are printed in italics being supplied :
SI GILLUM CONVENTS ECCLESJ^ DEI ET SANCT1 BARTHOLOMEI DE SME THFELDE.
Within the circle of inscription is represented the external figure of the south side of a Church. This is perhaps somewhat imperfectly ex¬ pressed as to its general perspective, but still it bears a more perfect relation of the several parts to each other, than many portraits of the same sort of buildings which are engraved upon the conventual seals of after ages. These latter also may be generally held to represent with considerable accuracy the fashion of the prevailing architecture of their day.
To me, who have looked somewhat at our ecclesiastical architecture, this undoubted portrait of any Church which, as here given, existed in the early part of the 12th century is exceedingly curious and in¬ teresting, it affords a fair specimen of the general mode of building Churches employed at the period when the Seal was engraved, and seems, therefore, to deserve particular attention.
The southern side of a Church is exhibited, to the eastern end of which a lower chapel is attached. In the side wall of the body, and at a considerable height, are two round headed windows. These are larger and also broader in proportion than the external windows of that period have been usually held to be, and in their general form seem much to resemble that of some of the internal apertures in the second tier of some of the naves built by Gundulph in the early part of the same century. I think that under the western of the two there are some imperfect signs of a door, but without any porch, and whe¬ ther the undulating direction of the lines from thence eastward are mere cracks of the wax, or meant to represent rising ground, I cannot
granted by the Prior and Convent of St. Barthobniew, in Smithfield. 53
determine. There is one window also in the attached chapel which is in a lower line than the others, and smaller than them, but of the same general form. The side wall also of this chapel appears to come forwarder than that of the body of the church. The roof of both is sloping, high pitched, and covered with tiles : and it overhangs the side walls, which of course do not rise into a parapet. At each end of the roof of the body, and from the sloping disposition of the lines I should also say from the middle of each end, arises a lofty round tower terminating in a dome like an overhanging top. In the centre is another tower of about equal height, but broader, and it has two rather long but narrow openings visible in it. The eastern chapel has the same form of roof but lower, and is terminated at its point by a cross, which appears, as do the towers also, to be of too large a proportion for the building they surmount. The eastern end is decidedly square and not circular, as was the case in most of the early churches.
I think the above circumstances are evident on inspection, it is another question whether the portrait be ideal and moulded according to the fancy of the cutter, under the influence of the fashion of the time, or a representation of some existing church either English or foreign. Unless it was executed before the erection of any part of that building whose remains at present exist, it certainly could not be designed to represent the church of the convent.3 The end thereof, east of the tower and the south transept, are the only parts which could have been built in the twelfth century. The disposition of the pillars proves the eastern end to have been a semicircular one, and there is also a southern transept of the same date, neither of which are found in the figure under consideration. Still, however, it is right to notice
* It is to be lamented that amongst all the modern attempts to preserve the memory of an¬ cient buildings, no sufficient engravings or ground plan of this venerable church have yet been published. The part used as a parish Church is in good preservation, and the restorations and repairs are in the old style, but the adjoining buildings are rapidly losing their original character, and within a very few years the last remaining arch of the south aisle of the nave has been closed with modern brick work. In a few more no traces of the conventual buildings will probably remain, except in the plans and drawings of Mr. Hardwicke.
54
Account of two Seals attached to a Deed of the 12 th Century ,
that in one of the miracles recorded in the Legend, upon the authority of which Rahere is honoured as the founder both of the Hospital and Monastery (Mus. Brit. MS. Cotton. Vesp. B.9.), an eastern chapel is said to have existed : “ In orientali parte ejusdem Ecclesise est Oratorium et in eo altare in honorem beatissimse & perpetuae virginis Mariae conse- cratum and this legend with all its improbabilities is further vouched to have been written whilst some who remembered the earlier part of the life of Rahere were alive to vouch for its truth. It is perhaps im¬ possible in the present day to ascertain whether the honour thus be¬ stowed upon the memory of Rahere is merited. Leland a says, “ Hen- ricus primus fundator,” but I do not find upon what authority, and seeing that Rahere is not mentioned in that character, in any charter, or even upon his monument, and comparing the probable dates of his life and those of the style of building, I cannot but incline to those circumstances which militate against his claim to the honour of having founded an establishment of which the most ancient Hospital in the city of London for the relief of the sick was an original part, and which has preserved its destined object, and largely diffused its benefits in an uninterrupted series through seven centuries unto the present day.
The second or oblong Seal, may be supposed from its shape alone to lie of a later date than the round conventual Seal before men¬ tioned ; and this supposition will derive some degree of support from the form of the letters, which has less resemblance to the Roman cha¬ racter. The inscription which surrounds it is imperfect in some of its most important words, but the following are sufficiently evident :
K SIGILLUM - - - - BARTHOLOMEI DE SMETHFELDE.
Those which intervene between the two first are unintelligible, though 1 cannot but think that the letters RAH are those which occur imme¬ diately after SIGILLUM, and that CO precede BARTHOLOMEI,
*« -
* Collect, tom. i. p. 54.
granted by the Prior and Convent of St. Bartholomew, Smithfeld. 55
and, if so, this is an impression of the official Seal of the prior Rahere, as the former was of the convent at large. It must, however, be left to more experienced judges than myself to speak with confidence upon these letters.
Within the centre stands an ecclesiastic clothed in an under gar¬ ment with full loose sleeves and descending to the ancles, below which the feet are seen and appear to be bare. Over this, and reaching to the middle of the leg there seems to hang a rochet, open down its sides, and across the breast and right shoulder there is an ornamented vest¬ ment which probably belongs to the hood. In the right hand, which is raised across the breast, beholds a processional cross; if the cross bat be single it is I believe one of the usual insignia of an Archbishop, but I have doubts on examination whether there be not two bars, which would designate the bearer as a Patriarch. The left hand is also ele¬ vated from the body and supports a book. The neck is bare, and the face and head are rather disfigured, but still I think it is evident that, there is a mitre upon the head, and that this ornament is proportion¬ ally of considerable height. The several circumstances of the dress seem to counteract the opinion which might otherwise have been en¬ tertained that the figure was intended to represent the Prior himself.
Most of the points upon which I have touched, although they may appear minute and perhaps futile, have been the subjects of discussion among learned men, and I may therefore be Excused for pointing out the probable bearings of this particular example. It may not weigh much in the scale on either side, but perhaps there are few subjects more alluring or more interesting than the state of our early church establishments, and the progress and principles of their architecture towards that perfection which it finally reached.
I am, Dear Sir,
Yours sincerely,
RICHARD POWELL.
Bedford Place, Nov. IJ, 1817-
56
VI. An Account of some Antiquities found at Fulbourn in Cam¬ bridgeshire, in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary ; by the Rev. E. D. Clarke, LL.L ). Frofessor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge.
Read 4th December, 1817.
Sir,
The observations already transmitted to the Society of Antiquaries, respecting some Celtic remains discovered near Sawston, were hardly communicated to the Society when our attention was again called to similiar antiquities of much more elegant form, and very superior workmanship, that were found by a party of labourers in the service of Greaves Townley, Esq. of Fulbourn , as they were digging upon Fulbourn common. Mr. Townley had the kindness to send these men to me at Cambridge , with the curious reliques they had brought to light ; and as he allowed me to make what use of them I pleased, I am enabled to lay before the Society such other remarks as appear to me to be worthy of notice ; accompanied, as before, with a drawing, by Mr. Kerrich, of the things as they were found, remarkable for its fidelity and exactness of delineation.
' These antiquities are five in number, and all of them consist of bronze ; namely, two swords, a spear-head, and two ferrules, which we suppose to have been the feet of spears. One of the swords was found broken into four pieces ; the other into three pieces.3 A part of the second sword we have used in a chemical analysis of the alloy,6 and for estimating its specific gravity. Originally they were both of the same length, viz. two feet; and they measure in the widest part of each blade, one inch and three eighths ; the handle and blade, in either instance, being all of one piece of metal. The thickness of each blade is nearly equal throughout, measuring two-eighths of an inch.c
8 See PI. IV. fig. 1, 2. b See the deficiency marked by dotted lines, PI. IV. fig. 2.
c See the sections, PI. IV. fig. 3, 4.
1
57
Account of Antiquities found at Fulboum.
In the handles, which are flat like the blades, there are still remaining bronze rivets, as if those handles had been formerly coated with ivory, bone, wood, or agate. The spear-head, which is of singularly elegant workmanship,3 measures ten inches and a half in length, two inches in the widest part, and the opening, where it received the point of the lance, is an inch in diameter. The ferrules b exhibit fastenings and apertures precisely similar to those of the spear-head ; which add to the probability of their having been the feet of two spears. They have a circular basis of two inches diameter. Such feet for spears may be observed upon Grecian weapons of a very early age, as they are represented upon painted terra-cottas ;c although they be more frequently figured without this termination ; in other respects the Fulboum spears seem to have been most correctly modelled after the most ancient form of spear used in ancient Greece. The Swords are also decidedly after the Grecian model ;d differing materially from the swords in use among the Romans , both as to their shape and materials. But the very remote age to which the real history of such bronze reliques would refer us, does not seem to have been noticed by our Antiquaries. Perhaps there is no passage in ancient history more decisive upon this point than that which occurs in Plutarch ; where he mentions the weapons that were found by Cimon in the tomb of Theseus. They were of bronze , and corresponded in a remarkable manner with the Fulboum weapons ; being a bronze spear-head and a sword (£»' <po;).e Many years ago, when Dr. Knowles was Prebendary of Ely, he had in his possession a sword correspond¬ ing with these found at Fulboum. It was taken out of the river Cam, between Cambridge and Ely, by some workmen employed in cutting
1 See PI. IV\ fig. 5, also the sections in fig. 6 and 7, and the enlarged representations, show¬ ing the fluting at the point in fig. 8 and 9.
b PI. IV. fig. 10, 11. c Millin, Peintures de Vases, tom. ii. p. 25.
d Mus. di Real. Acad, di Mantov. tom. v. p. 58. See also Millin, Galerie Mythologique, tom. ii. Planche cxvi. 428, &c. &c. Paris, 1811.
e Eufefli) Se Sijxtj re //.eyaAou <ru> fj.arog, re I'afaxeip.evi; j^aAxij, nai %'upos. Plut. in V it.
Thes. tom. i. p. 35. Lond. 1729.
VOL. XIX.
I
68 Account of Antiquities found at Fulbourn
sedge with an instrument, called “ a bear. ' This bronze sword was perfectly entire. Captain Tolver , then living at Ely , was Adjutant of the Militia ; upon its being shewn to him, he immediately recollected that such bronze swords, of the same shape, had been found in Ireland ; where they were so much admired by Marquis Townshend , then Lord Lieutenant, that he ordered several steel swords to be manufactured of the same form ; it being urged, that with a sword of this shape, “ a Alan might hold his cut;' which was the expression used ; and thereby inflict a more deadly wound. The Celtic origin, therefore, of the Fulbourn swords, is hereby rendered extremely probable ; perhaps it may now appear that, by a careful attention to their chemical ana¬ lysis, this is made capable of demonstration.
The alloy, of which all these antiquities consist, is hard and brittle ; the surface disclosed by fracture being earthy, of a white colour, and totally destitute of any metallic lustre ; but upon the action of a tile its appearance is very different ; it then exhibits all the splendour and colour of gold.a Its specific gravity ascertained in pump water, at a temperature equal to 56° of Fahrenheit, amounted to 9,200 ; proving the curious fact mentioned by Eeaume,h and by many subsequent writers/ and observed even by Paracelsus ,d that tin combining with copper besides communicating to it part of its fusibility, affords an alloy which is of greater specific gravity than either of the metals separately possessed; because, during their combination, their particles mutually penetrate each other. Having divested a portion of one of the swords6 of all patina and adherent impurity, for the purpose of estimating its specific gravity, as aforesaid, 200 grains of it, carefully weighed, were placed in highly concentrated nitric acid ; the acid acting vehemently upon the metal, and leaving a white insoluble pre-
a Mr. Pott in a German letter to Von Jnsti printed in 1760, describes an alloy of copper and tin, as affording a gold-coloured metal called Tombac. See Lewis’s Commerce of the Arts, p. 624, Lond. 1763.
b Manuel de Chymie, p. 149. c See Watson’s Chemical Essays, &c. &c.
d See also the “ Art of Distillation," by French, book v. p. 164. “ I suppose,” says this
old writer, the copper condenseth the body of the tin, which before was very porous, which condensation rather addes then diminisheth the weight thereof.” * See PI. IV fig. 2.
in Cambridgeshire.
59
cipitate of tin oxide, which when, washed and dried weighed 34 grains. According to Proust ,a the white oxide produced by the utmost action of nitric acid upon tin, is composed of 28 per cent of oxygen , and 72 of tin. Hence therefore it follows, that
100 : 72 : : 34 : x = 24,
and that this alloy , as in almost every instance where ancient bronze has been submitted to a regular analysis, consists of 88 per cent of copper added to 12 per cent of tin. The proportion of metallic tin, in the white oxide, as here stated upon the authority of Proust, is founded upon the increase of 40, which 100 parts of the metal receive by oxygenation ; and its accuracy is further proved by the uniformity characterizing all the results which different chemists have obtained in the analysis of ancient bronze; a degree of uniformity hardly to be explained without supposing that there may have existed a native compound of the two metals thus united. In almost every instance the proportion of the copper to the tin has been as 88 to 12. This was the result of the analysis made by Mr. Hatchett, of the bronze nails brought by Sir. Wm. Gell from the tomb of Agamemnon at Mycenw ; the same result was also obtained in the analysis, by Di\ Wollaston, of some arrow-heads of bronze found in the South of Russia; and I have found the same constituents similarly combined in various specimens of bronze from Grecian and from Celtic sepulchres; in the bronze lamps of ancient Egypt, and in the lares, weapons, and other bronzes of the same country. That in the analysis of bronze, found in countries widely separated, there should not be a more perceptible difference in the proportion of their chemical constituents, is a remarkable circumstance. The Gaulish axeb found in France , by M. Dupont de Nemours, and which cut wood like a steel axe, might be considered as an exception ; because it contained, according to the
» Seethe Journal dePhys. tom. li. also Aikin’s Chemical Dictionary, vol. ii. p. 422. Lond. 1807.
b It was in all probability a Celt ,• the antiquities denominated Celts in this country having been originally axes ; as may be proved with reference to the. short axes of the Coast of Malabar, where the same instrument is still in use. A gentleman recently returned from India, upon seeing a parcel of Celts in Cambridge immediately recognized the Malabar axes .
I 2
60
Account of Antiquities found at Fulbourn
analysis of Vauquelin , 87 parts of copper combined witli 9 parts of tin ; but in this axe there were also present 3 parts of iron;A perhaps an impurity of the tin ; which is rarely free from an admixture of other metals. The tin of the Fulbourn swords, when exposed to a violent heat, yielded an alliaceous smell denoting the presence of arsenic; and a very small portion of a black insoluble powder remained in the nitric acid after the solution of the copper.
To conclude, therefore, if we be permitted to consider these bronze reliques as so many characteristical vestiges of a peculiar people, to whom the art was known of giving a maximum of density to copper and tin , by a chemical operation, we shall be at a loss, either to ascer¬ tain their origin, or to account for their wide dispersion. Such reliques, as it has been proved, are found alike in Egypt and in Greece , in Great Britain, and in Ireland. To this it may be added, that the most ancient bronze coins of India (of which I have lately analyzed some that were found near the Byzantium of Larice , upon the Barygazenus Sinus ) consist of a similar alloy ; and I have reason to suspect that the bronze idols of Tahtary , and of China, will, upon a chemical examination, be found to contain the same ingredients. Should this be true, it may possiby afford new light for investigating some of the most interesting parts of ancient history ; especially as far as it relates to the origin of the Greeks: in the mean time, as a most singular fact connected with this enquiry, it is proper to men¬ tion, that the oldest representation which exists of the Athenian Minerva , exhibits the goddess in the regular costume of China; with the same sort of scalp-like cap upon her head, and the same braided queue hanging down her back,b which are now worn by the inhabitants of that country.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient humble servant,
EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE.
Cambridge, Nov. 27th, 1817-
* Humboldt’s New Spain. Jameson’s Mineralogy, vol. iii. p. 102. Edin. 1816.
b See a terra-cotta vase discovered at Athens, now in the possession of Mr. Burgon, late British Consul at Smyrna.
61
in Cambridgeshire.
P.S. In the course of the last summer I opened a very consider¬ able tumulus, called Hay-hill, standing by the remains of the old Roman road westward of Cambridge, beyond the village of Barton, towards Wimpole. Some curious remains, made of iron, had been found near the spot ; of which I have also sent a sketch made by the Rev. Mr. Pemberton, Minister of Barton. They consisted of a chain with six collars for conducting captives ;a and a double fulcrum, in¬ tended to support a spit for roasting meat, the coals being placed under the spit ; b illustrating a well-known passage in Virgil :c
“ Subjiciunt verubus prunas et viscera torrent.”
That they were Roman antiquities is therefore very probable ; but in opening the tumulus, nothing further was discovered likely to decide this point. Upon the floor of the tomb, about nine feet from the summit, we found the remains of a single human skeleton ; the head, separated from the body, was lying upon the right ear, north and south ; the top of the skull pointing to the south. The bones of the body were lying east and ivest. The skull was removed, and it is now in our University Library.
Since writing the above, (so lately as April 15, 1818) some labourers, being employed digging gravel near the same tumulus, discovered, at the same distance, and on the same side, of the Roman road, fourteen inches below the surface of the soil, a rude stone slab, covering the mouth of an Amphora. Upon raising the stone, there were found within the Amphora, which was full of water, a black terra-cotta vase of elegant form, half filled with human bones ; also two other smaller vessels of red terra-cotta with handles. I am at this moment engaged in removing these antiquities to our University Library. This disco¬ very remarkably illustrates the meaning of the Amphora as a symbol upon the gems and medals of the antients ; its sepulchral use rendering it an appropriate type of Hades and of Night; wherefore it was also figured with an owl.
c Virgilii iEneid, lib. v. 103.
* See PL IV. fig. IS.
b See PI. IV. fig. 12.
62
VI.* Copy of an Order made by Cardinal Wolsey , as Lord Chancellor , respecting the Management of the Affairs of the young Earl of Oxford. Communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary , in a Letter to Matthew Raper, Esq. V.P. F.R.S.
Read 11th Dec, 1817-
DEAR SIR, British Museum, Nov. 30, 1817.
Among the Manuscripts which were some time ago purchased by Government of the Representatives of Mr. Francis Hargrave, and which are now deposited in the British Museum, I have laid my hand upon the Transcript of an Order made by Cardinal Wolsey, as Lord Chancellor, for the regulation of the Household Expences and general Management of the Affairs of the young Earl of Oxford, then a minor. In the 15th year of King Henry the 8th. A.D. 1524.
I transmit you a Copy of it in the hope that it may prove worthy to be communicated to the Society of Antiquaries.
I am, dear Sir,
Very faithfully yours,
HENRY ELLIS.
To Matthew Raper, Esq. V. P,
[MS. Hargr. Num. 249, fol. 226.]
“ An Order made by the reverend Father in God Thomas Woolsev Cardinall of England, by directon from the King, to lymitt John Earle of Oxenford in the orderinge of his Expences of Household and other his Affaires in his yonger yeares, as also for his demeanor towards the Countess his wief in the xvth yeare of King Henry 8th.
Firste, it is ordered by the most reverend Father in God that to the intent the said Earle yett beinge vounge and nott at all foredele to
63
Order made by Cardinal Wolsey.
maintame a great and ordinarie House maie not onely by Example of other have better Experience and Knowledge hereafter of such things as be requisite for him to know in that behalfe, but also by Spareing and moderate Expences in the beginning of his Youth be more abundantlie furnished beforehand for the supportation and maintenance of those and other Charges when the cause shall require, and in the mean time bee the better able to serve the King’s Grace as shall appertaine.
The same Earle shall incontinentlie discharge and breake his house¬ hold, sojourning, hee and the lady his wief, their family, and servants hereafter to be mentioned, with his father-in-law the Duke of Nor- ffolke, at such convenient prizes for their boards as betweene the same Duke and the Ladie Dutchess his wife and the said Earle of Oxford, by mediation of his friends, can be accorded, covenanted, and agreed.
Item it is further ordered that for good Councell to bee given, and due service to bee done unto the said Earle and the Countess his wief, aswel in ordering of his Lands as otherwise, they Shall have the number of Officers and Servants underwritten ; viz. for his lands John Josselin to be his Auditor, and Surveyor and
receivor of the same, and for the said service of them both ; one Chaplain; twoo Gentlemen; sixe Yeomen; three Groomes and three horse-keepers: with a Page; two Gentlemen; and one Chamber¬ maid ; to attend upon the Lady his wife. Of which said Men and Women servants now to be deputed, chosen, and assigned, the said Earl of Oxenford shall with all diligence certifye the names in write- ing unto the said most reverend Father, to the Inteiitt thatt upon Inquirie and Knowledge had of theire sadnes, good demeanor, and fidelities they maie bee by him approved, or not being found of such qualities rejected and excepted. And semblahlie from time to time the said most reverend Father in God shall approve such Officers and Ser¬ vants as hee shall thinke good to be about the said Earle and CounteSSe his wief for theire most weale, honour, and proffite; and them upon their meritts or derneritts to accept or expell att his pleasure, w hereunto the said Earle shall at all seasons be conformable, nott admitting or
64
Order made by Cardinal IVolsey.
takeing into his service any Person but such as shalbee by the said most reverend Father soe allowed and approved, as aforesaid.
Item the said Officers and Servants, and everie of them, from time to time being, shalbee taken, used, and ordered as Officers and Ser¬ vants indifferently to the said Earle and Lady his wief being obedientt to theire services and good Commandments, without any speciall limittacon of any of the said Officers or men servants to be either the said Earles or the said Countesses servants onelie : whereby there should appeare or arise any particuler or partiall distinction, some of them to belong unto the said Earle and some to the said Countess.
Item the said Earle of Oxford shall sadly, moderately, and with temperance and discretion use himself, from time to time, aswell in his Expences as in his Diett and other his dailie Conversations for¬ bearing to make or pass any Grant of Annuitys, Offices, or otherwise, but by the advice and consentt of the said most reverend Father in escheweinge the great Decaie of his Lands and hindrance in his substance. Semblably for conservation of his Healthe and avoiding sundry Inconveniencies hee shall have a vigilant regard that he use not much to drink hot wines, ne to drink or sitt up late, or accustom himself with hotte or unwholesome meats, contrary to his Com¬ plexion whereby he may be brought into Infirmitie and Disease.
Item the said Earle shall also moderate his hunteing or other Dis¬ ports, or hunting or useingthe same excessively, daily, or customably; but onely at such tymes and seasons as maie bee convenientt for the wealth and recreation of his bodie, and as by the sadest and most dis- creteste of his servants shalbee advised and thought expedientt.
Item, in all other the gestures and behaviours of the said Earle he shall use himself honourably, prudently, and sadly, forbearinge all riotous and wild companies, excessive and superfluous apparell : and namely he shall, as to a Nobleman apperteigneth, lovinglie, familiarlie, and kindlie intreate and demeane himself towards the said Countesse his wief as there may be perfect love, concord, and unity engendered, nourished, and continued between them, as to the laws of God ; and
65
on the Affairs of the young Earl of Oxford.
for bringeing forthe fruit and children between them to God’s pleasure doth appertaine wherein the said Earle shall specially see that he give no Ear to simple or evil tongued Persons which for particular malice, or to attaine favor, thanks, or otherwise, shall contrive seditious or slanderous Reports between them, but like a Nobleman shall che¬ rish, love, and entertaine the said Countess with all gentleness and kindness to be used either to other. And, generally, the said Earle shall discreetly, substantialy, and sadly governe, use, behave, and order himself in all his Acts, Demeanors, Gestures, and Proceedings as to such a Nobleman doth and shall appertaine. For observation of which premises, devised by the King’s speciall commandement for the pub- lick ordering, wealth, and increase of the said Earle, as is aforesaid, not only he standeth bound with sufficient sureties to the said most reverend Father ; that is to say, he himselfe in the summe of two thou¬ sand pounds, and six sureties, every of them in Five hundred Marks, but also these present Articles in Papers indented tripartite, the one remaining with the same most reverend Father, another with the said Earle, and the third with the Executors of the Laste Will and Testa¬ ment of the late Earle of Oxford, signed with all their hands, bee alternately and interchangeably delivered, either to other, the 16th Day of February the 15th Year of the Kings Reign.
T. CARLIS EBOR.
John Oxenford.
VOL. XIX.
K
66
VII. Observations on the Seal of Evesham Abbey in ff orcester shire. By William Hamper, Esq. Communicated in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.
Read 8th Jan. 1818.
Deritend House, Birmingham, Dec. 19, 1817
DEAR SIR,
The Seal of Evesham Abbey, in the County of Worcester, having been hitherto imperfectly delineated and explained, particularly as respects its inscriptions, I beg you to do me the favour of laying be¬ fore the Society of Antiquaries a restored outline of that very inte¬ resting subject, PI. V. which I have completed from two Impressions of the Seal, in my own possession, aided in a very few parts by the Plate of it in Tindal’s History of Evesham.
1 remain, dear Sir,
Yours very sincerely,
Wm. HAMPER.
Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. Sec. S. A,
&c. &e. &c.
EXPLANATION OF EVESHAM ABBEY SEAL.
Obverse. The principal figure represents Eoves, the swain or coun¬ tryman, who first gave name to the place, standing in a w ood, with his porcine herd near him. He carries a long staff, such as was probably used for the purpose of beating down acorns and beech-mast ; and is encompassed with a label bearing a Saxon Inscription, which Dr. Nash (Worcestersh. vol. i. p. 396,) reads as follows: GOVGSDG. VGNGTIG. AIT. WAS. SWIN. CORLIMEN. CLGPGT. VIS. GOVISJpOM. Thus explained by a learned friend, (possibly Mr. Gough, who is known to have supplied other Translations from the
67
On the Seal of Evesham Abbey.
Saxon in the same work,) Eovephe ^en et ie Ait pap pjfin [evidently misprinted for pap ppin] Coplimen clepet ^is Goviphom. Eoveshe servus apud insulam Ait erat porcorum , rustici homines vocant hanc Eovesi habitationem.
Tindai (History of Evesham, p. 142,) copies this reading, and adds, by way of English Translation, “ Eoveshe was Keeper of swine at the Island Ait. The country people call this the habitation of Eoves.” Your worthy Member, Edward Rudge, Esq. F.R. S. (proprietor of the manor, site, and demesne lands of the Monastery) in a communica¬ tion to the Editors of the New Monasticon, Yol. ii. p. 13, has adopted the following interpretation :
“ EOVES. HER. WENEDE. MIT. WAS. SWIN.
“ ECGWIN. CLEPET. VIS. EOVISHOM.
“ Eoves here wended with his swine,
“ Ecgwin named [it] Vic Eovishom.”
The true reading is evidently thus :
^ eoves. hcr. woNeoe. ant. was. swon.
FOR. FT. MeN. CLePeT. jtfS. eOVeSHOM.
Eoves here dwelt and was a swain.
For why [i.e. the cause why] men call this Eoveshom.
With regard to SWON for Swain, Lye’s Dictionary refers us front SUON to Swan , which latter word is explained “ bubulcus.” Inde nostra Swaine, &c.”
The upper compartment exhibits the Blessed Virgin appearing to Eoves, who is sealed under a tree, with his hands in the attitude of devotion; and her subsequent interview with Bishop Egwin, who on his knees is receiving her directions to found a Church in that place ; the representation of such an Edifice being pointed to, by a cross which she holds sceptre- wise in her hand, and her injunction expressed by the words, GCC6. LOG9. QVG. GLGGI. The circumscription of the whole is SIGILLVM. SANCTG. MARIG. ET SANTI. [not Sancti] GCGWINl. GPI. GOVGSDAMGNSIS. MONASTGRII.
68
On the Seal of Evesham Abbey
Reverse. Bishop Egwin is seen in the upper compartment presenting his Church to the Virgin, and, in the lower, receiving (not from a King, attended by a Queen and an Officer, as Dr. Nash supposes, but) from his three Royal Patrons , Etheldred, Kenred, and Offa, a Charter of Privileges, inscribed DAMVS RGGIG LIBGRTATI, to which is appendant a Seal, charged with three Lions passant guardant. The circumscription has been thus given by Dr. Nash (ut supra)
DICTIS. G . VfcGRATRINI. OMNIBVS. VNDG. PIG.
NITET. AVLA. SAC. MARIG: which is repeated by Tindal, p. 143, who supplies the second word with GCGWINI. Mr. Rudge proposes
DICTIS. ECGWINI. DAN . FRATRI. RI. OMNIBUS. UNDE.
PIE. NITET. AULA . SACRAE. MARIE. The restored out¬
line clearly produces these two leonine verses :
DICTIS. GCGWINI. DANT. R6G6S. MVNCRA. TRINI.
OMNIBVS. VNDG. PI6. NITCT. AULA. SACRA. MARIG.
Which may be thus rendered, in a homely, though almost literal, English couplet :
At Ecgvvin’s call, three Kings with bounty come.
Whence godly prospers Mary’s sacred dome.
Judging from the form of the letters, I cannot assign an earlier date to the seal than the beginning of the fifteenth Century, or during the Abbacy of Richard de Bromsgrove (from A. D. 1418 to 1435) whose Correspondent Richard Leyot, in a Letter published by Nash and Tindal, repeatedly uses the conjunction and with the same orthography as upon the obverse. For instance : — “ I recomaunde me to your goode ant bountenouse fadrehede — desiryng ever the welfare ant the felicite of your reverent fadrehede, as of myself.”
As my impressions of the Seal accompany these observations, the Society will have an opportunity of determining for themselves how far the proposed reading of the Inscriptions may be relied on : though I think I may venture to assert that there is authority for every word
*7. Ifa-tirr feu fp .
in Worcestershire.
69
of the disputable parts, excepting only the first and the last of the obverse, viz. DICTIS and MARIG, which Mr. Tindal’s plate has supplied.
Dr. Nash, Mr. Tindal, and Mr. Rudge have been more or less mis¬ led upon the subject, partly by imperfect impressions of the reverse, and partly by another matrix of the obverse (which is still in exist¬ ence, and in the possession of a gentleman at Hartlebury) executed by a workman ignorant of the Saxon characters, though we are not, on that consideration, less indebted to them for their several and in¬ genious remarks.
70
VIII, Some Observations on an Antique Bas-relief, on which the Evil Eye , or Fascinum , is represented. By James Mill in gen, Esq. F.S.A.
Read 8th Jan. 1818.
I^he monument of which a drawing is presented to this learned So¬ ciety, (see PI. VI.) is the only one of the kind that has been hitherto discovered. It is interesting not only from its singularity, but as illustrating various doubtful points of antiquity.
The original is a Bas-relief in marble, double the size of the draw ¬ ing. In the centre, a human eye is represented, with the lids and brow'. A male figure, the head covered with a Phrygian tiara, is sit¬ ting on the eye in an indecorous posture. On one side is a gladiator, wearing the girdle called subligaculum ; holding in one hand a short sword, and in the other a kind of trident, (fuscina) with which he strikes the eye. The gladiators who used weapons of this kind were called Myrmillones. A similar figure was probably on the opposite side of the bas-relief which is now wanting. On the lower part, are five animals ; a lion, a serpent, a scorpion, a crane, and a crow, who all attack the_eye with great fury.
On a mature consideration of this monument, no doubt can be en¬ tertained but that the evil eye or Fascinum is here represented.
It was an ancient superstition, that some persons were endued with the power of injuring those on whom they cast a hostile or envious look. The eyes of such persons were supposed to dart noxious rays fatal to every object on which they were fixed. This power of in¬ juring with the eye was called B aoicavla by the Greeks, and Fascinatio by the Romans. Several writers a who have collected the testimonies of the ancients concerning it, may be consulted for particulars.
a Alsarius de Fascino. Antiq. Roman, a Gnevio, tom. xii. p. 885. Potter Archaeol. Grjeca. iib. ii. cap. 18.
/
71
Observations on an Antique Bas-relief.
Those who enjoyed great prosperity, or met with any extraordinary good fortune, such as were too much elated by praise and flattery, were more particularly liable to the effects of fascination. Hence when the Romans praised any thing or person, they used to add, Prof semi , or Profs cine dixerim , to avert any fascination that might ensue, and to prove that their praise w as sincere.
It is remarkable that the same superstition prevails to the present day in several parts of the world, even in the northern part of our Island, and in Ireland. In Greece it is called, kuko juan, and its effects are averted by spitting, a in the same manner as w as practised by the ancients against fascination b and ill omens of every kind. In Italy it is called the Mal-occhio , and among the lower orders of people, its effects are supposed to be very powerful and fatal. When praise is bestowed on beauty, riches, or any other advantages, the person praised immediately exclaims, “ se mal-occhio non vi fosse from an apprehension that the praise may not be sincere, but proceed solely from a malicious intention to injure. This exclamation is accompanied with a sign of the hand imitating the phallus, or by holding up pieces of coral, shells, or various kinds of stones, worn as amulets.
The animals on the lower part of the bas-relief are Mithraic, they attack the eye in order to avert its evil effects. The figure with a tiara is Mithras, who is usually represented as a young man in a similar dress. The crow, the scorpion, and the serpent, are animals commonly seen on Mithraic monuments/ The lion was also consecrated to the same divinity, in whose ceremonies those who were initiated bore the name of lions, and appeared disguised in the skins of that animal. The crane, which w as the symbol of Piety, appears here for the first time among the Mithraic animals.
a I am indebted for this information respecting the prevalence of the superstition of the evil eye in Greece to my friend Mr. Dodwell.
b fis (/.it B<x<7xx*9u St rpis tir e//.o» ETflvax jcoXwok. Theocr. Idyl. vi. v. 39.
c Turre, Monum. Vet. Antii Roma 1700, p. 157, and Visconti Museo Pio-Clementino, tom. vii. p. 10.
72
Observations on an Antique Bas-relief,
The belief in fascination is extremely ancient, and appears to have originated in Africa. It is connected with the story of Medusa and the Gorgons, whose eyes caused immediate destruction. Hence the artifice to which Perseus had recourse in cutting off Medusa’s head. Some author’s describe the Gorgons as having but one which they used alternately/ From this source the superstition of the evil eye is probably derived.
The ancients employed various methods to avert the effects of fas¬ cination. Sometimes necklaces composed of shells, coral, and various sorts of stones, rough or engraved, particularly jasper, were used. But the charm most generally employed was the phallus , which on that account was placed on the doors of houses and gardens, on ter¬ minal figures, and was hung about the necks of women and children. In general any obscene or ludicrous action or figures were thought efficacious ; which accounts for the indecorous posture of the figure of Mithras in this monument. The Italian sailors at the present day, when the wind is contrary, think to dispel it, by turning themselves in a similar manner towards the point from which it blows.
A representation of the object possessing the power of fascination was also considered as a preservative or amulet. It is for this reason that we meet so frequently with the yopyovuov, or head of Medusa, on ancient gems, and on the coins of a great number of cities. b From Euripides0 we learn that numbers of similar figures were placed around the temple of Delphi. The opinion of Eckhell d that these masks repre¬ sent the moon appears unfounded. The head of Medusa is frequently placed on the egis of Jupiter, on that of Minerva, and on the shields and armours of warriors, as an amulet and as an object of terror to the foe. It is sometimes remarkable by the action of putting out the tongue, any ridiculous or obscene action being considered, as I have already remarked, a preservative against fascination.
An eye is sometimes represented on the shields of warriors ; e and
a Aeschylus. Prometheus, v. 794. b The yopyomo* was placed in the temple of
Minerva Polias at Athens. Eustat. in Homer. Iliad, p. 1704, 1. 32. c Ion. 225.
d Numi Vet. Anecdoti, p. 12, et seqq. e Millingen. Vases de Sir John Coghill, p. 14,
73
on which the Evil Eye , or Fascinum , is represented.
frequently on the sides of ancient vessels near the prow. Even at present, it is sometimes painted on the forepart of the Sicilian and Maltese feluccas.
Winkelman a who made the remark, confessed that he could not account for this custom ; but may we not infer by analogy that it was considered as an amulet ?
The superstition of the evil eye was intimately connected with the goddess Nemesis. Pliny b says that at Rome sacrifices of a particular nature were offered to Nemesis with a view to avert fascination. This goddess was revered as the avenger of injuries, who punished such as prosperity had made insolent. There was, however, another Nemesis, c whose attributes were of a more odious nature, and who was considered as the deity of envy.
A terra-cotta bas-relief published by Winkelman, d represents a female figure holding a basket of figs, among which is a phallus ; a winged figure standing by, turns aside terrified at the sight. Win¬ kelman supposes this to be the goddess Pudicitia, but in my opinion it is Nemesis, who is deterred by the powerful spell of the phallus from injuring the fruits of the earth with the eye of envy.
In the British Museum e is a similar bas-relief, where a Satyr is added, which shows that the scene takes place during a festival of Bacchus. The basket of figs is an offering to that god, 1 who was con¬ sidered not only as the giver of wine, but of all the fruits of the earth, whence he is called u^Zios 0 eo(. g
From the style of workmanship, it would appear that the origin of the singular monument which forms the subject of this memoir may be assigned to the time of Septimus Severus, when the worship of
a Monumenti Inediti, tom. ii. p. 26. b Hist. Nat. lib. xxviii. cap. 5.
c Hesiod. d Monumenti Inediti, tom. ii. p. 32.
e Description of Antient Terra-cottas, pi. xvi. p. 27.
: The fig was particularly held sacred to Bacchus. A vessel of wine and a basket of figs were in early times the rewards for Comedy. Plutarch de Divit.
s Aristophanes, Ranae v. 307.
VOL. XIX.
L
74
Observations on an Antique Bas-relief ’ fyc.
Mithras began to be widely diffused in the western part of the Roman empire.
The circumstance of a gladiator being represented, leads to a con¬ jecture that it was executed for a lanista, or director of a troop of gla¬ diators, who was at the same time a votary of Mithras. It may have been placed over the entrance or on some part of his house, as a charm against the baneful effects of the evil eye.
r/<tu vi
VOL X/X.p.;.,
75
IX. Observations on the Site of the Priory of Halywell in Warwick¬ shire, a Celt to Roucester Abbey in the County of Stafford. By William Hamper, Esq. In a letter addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.
Read 22d Jan. 1818.
Deritend House, Birmingham, Dec. 17, 1817-
DEAR SIR,
The subject of the following Observations having been already brought before the Society of Antiquaries, no apology will, 1 trust, be deemed necessary, for my requesting you to do me the honour of presenting them to that learned body.
I remain, dear Sir,
Yours very sincerely,
Wm. HAMPER.
Hknky Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Sec. S.A.
Bishop Tanner in his Notitia Monastica, under Warwickshire, Ar¬ ticle XIII. places the Austin Cell of “ Halyivell upon Watling Street , 5 and describes it as “a Cell or chantry of Black Canons belonging to the Abbey of Roucester in Staffordshire, which on account of its soli¬ tary and dangerous situation was, 19 Edw. II. A. D. 1325, removed to the conventual church of the Abbey. ” He then adds, as his au¬ thority, the following extract from the Patent Roll of that year, p. 1. m. 10. “ Rex concessit Abbati de Roucestre in Dovedale, quod ipse
Capellam de Halywell in com. Warwic. quae sita est in loco solitario et periculoso, super regiam stratam de Watlyng Strete, ubi latrones fre¬ quenter latitant et canonicos ibidem morantes depredantur, a loco illo amovere, et cantariam pro animabus Roberti de Cotes et Ricardi Filon [Fiton] in eadem capella dudum ordinatam in ecclesia conventuali
l 2
76
On the Site of the Priory of
ipsius Abbatis de Roucestre facere et sustentare, ac duas virgatas teme et dimid. cum pertinentijs, in Halywell, Churchwaure, et Clifton, quas idem Abbas tenet pro cantaria ilia praedicta facienda et susten- tanda, libere retinere, &c. ”
Dugdale does not notice this ancient religious establishment ; and from the circumstance of finding no place now known by the name of Halywell, either upon or near the Watling Street, your worthy Secretary, Mr. Carlisle, in the Sixteenth Volume of the Archaeologia, p. 326, conjecturally places it at Stonythorpe near Southam , in another part of Warwickshire, where a spring of fine clear water is still called Holywell, or Halywell ; observing at the same time, that, “ as the Roman Fosse Way running northward out of Gloucestershire, is about two miles and three quarters from hence, and the Watling Street being far distant from it, it would seem more proper to designate this Cell, Halywell near the Fosse Way, than upon the Watling Street.
The result, however, of a recent investigation, in company with my Friend Abraham Grimes, Esq. of Coton House, the proprietor of the estate, joined to the advantage of reference to his Title Deeds, enables me to fix its site at Cave's Inn , upon the Watling Street, in the manor of Coton, and parish of Church Over ; where a rapid and unceasing spring still preserves the character of the spot, though the tradition of its former sanctity and importance has totally ceased ; and where in the year 1791, in sinking the foundation for the present Inn, which succeeded a decayed half-timbered house, several bushels of human bones were discovered. Cave’s Inn was so denominated, as will be seen below, from its occupier Edward Cave, grandfather of the ori¬ ginal projector of the Gentleman’s Magazine, whose biographer, Dr. Johnson, calls it “ Cave’s in the hole , a lone house on the street road, ” adopting the very phraseology of the above-recited Patent, in the 19th Edw. II. “ — in loco solitario — super regiam stratam de Watlyng Strete. ”
I shall now proceed, as far as my scanty materials will allow, to trace the history of this long-neglected place ; premising that your
77
Iialywell in Warwickshire.
worthy member Mr. Caley, did me the favour to examine the Mini¬ ster’s Accompts and various other Records in the Augmentation Of¬ fice, relative to Roucester Abbey, both before and after the Dissolu¬ tion, without finding one word of Halywell, though, as he observes, “ it undoubtedly belonged to it at an early period, as is apparent both from the Patent and Close Rolls.” Robert de Cotes and Richard Fiton, whose Chantry was here established, were cotemporaries, or nearly so, the former residing at Cotes, or Coton, in 1206, a and the latter at the adjoining parish of Shawell in the county of Leicester, in 1235 ;b and it seems likely that its establishment took place between the years 1240 and 1270. A.D. 1279, the following Inquisition occurs : “ Shathewell [i. e. Shawell] est de feodoVerdon, et Willielmus Fyton tenet in eadem quartam partem unius feodi militis, &c. Item. Prior de Halywell , et Abbas de Croxton, [quere, if not a clerical error for Roucester ] tenent duas virgatas terrae in perpetuam eleemosynam ; quo warranto ignorant.” c
The following process concerning a boundary ditch at Shawell, is undated. “ Prior de Haliwell nihil capit per assizam versus Thomam Fithon, Alanum Ram, &c. de fossato quodam levato in Chaw ell. ”d A.D. 1291, in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas IY. the Abbat of Roucester is rated Twenty-six Shillings and Eight Pence, for Tempo¬ ralities within the Archdeaconry of Leicester, fol. 109, b. which sub¬ sequently appear, fol. 119, b. to have been in the Deanry of Gudlak- ston, doubtless at Shawell beforementioned. A.D. 1301, Pope Boni¬ face VIII. in a Bull of Confirmation and Protection to the Abbat and Convent of Roucester, of which a curious early English Translation is now before me, recognizes, inter alia, their “ Chirche of Seint Gyles of Halywel.”
Bishop Tanner, under Roucester, Notitia Monastica, Article XXL in Staffordshire, refers to the Patent Roll, 11 Edw. II. p. 2, m. 35, for an entry, “ de messuagijs et terris in Holm juxta Clifton,” [now
a Dugdale’s Wanvicksh. edit. Thomas, p. 12. h Nichols’s Leicestersh. vol. iv. p. 335.
c Nichols’s Leicest. vol. iv. p. 336, from Esc. 7 Edw. I. d Ibid, p.336, from Mr. Roper’s MSS.
78 Priory of Halywell in Warwickshire.
called Biggin , and lying contiguous to Cave’s Inn] ; and to Dods- worth’s MSS. in the Bodleian Library, for “ Preceptum Regis de Capella de Haliwell , in com. Warwic. habenda Abbati et Conventui ;” also to the Close Roll of the 14th year of that King.
A.D. 1325, 19 Edw. II. license was obtained, as has been before observed, to remove the establishment at Halywell to the Conventual Church of Roucester, for which the Abbat paid a fine of Twenty Shil¬ lings;3 and from that time, for a period of two hundred and sixty years, viz. till the 28th of Queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1585, I find no traces of it ; when “ a close or pasture, in Coton, called Hallowell occurs as part of the possessions of Elizabeth Dixwell, widow, by whose family it was probably purchased at the dissolution.
A.D. 1634, the premises are let upon lease, for six years, to Nicolas Day of Daventry, Millwright, by the name of “ Hollyiuell house” with six acres of land adjoining; and in 1657, described in a Deed, as “ all that auncient message or tenement now beinge in the tenure of one Edward Cave , and commonly called The New Inne , alias Hallowell howse, and all those closes commonly called Hallowell close and Hallo¬ well meadow.’’
In the last named year, 1657, Elias Ashmole, Esq. writing to Dug- dale on the subject of Roman Antiquities in this neighbourhood, says, “ a mile further [from Lilburn], in the valley, stands a house called The New Inn, distinguished only by its lying under Shawell. Mine host told me it had been an Abbey called Holywell .” b
A.D. 1687, Brent Dixwell, Esq. grants a lease of it, for sixty years, to Edward Cave, by the concise designation of “ The Neiv Inn ;” and, the name of the tenant ultimately prevailing, the place from thence¬ forward appears to have been known only, as it is at present, by the appellation of Caves Inn : to the utter exclusion and extinction of its once celebrated name of Halywell.
b Nichols’s Leicestersh. ut supra, p. 82.
* Abbreviatio Rot. Orig. Ro. 11.
79
X. Account of the Lottery of 1567, being the first upon Record , in a Letter from William Bray, Esq. Treasurer , addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.
Read 29th Jan. ISIS.
DEAR SIR,
Amongst many curious papers at Mr. Molyneux’s ancient seat at Loseley in Surrey, some of which I have, with his permission, laid be¬ fore the Society, is one which perhaps at this time is unique, and as such not altogether unworthy of notice, though it is only a Scheme for a Lottery ; it is, however, of so early a date as 1567, and is the first Lottery of which I have found mention, though such there may have been earlier. If you think it worth laying before the Society you will please to do so.
I am, Sir,
Your very obedient humble servant,
W. BRAY.
Great Russell-street, 27th Jan. 1818.
Mr. Stow tells us under the year 1569, that “ a great Lottery being holden at London in Paule’s Church-yard, at the West doore, was begun to be drawne the 11th of January, and continued day and night, till the sixth of May, wherein the sayd drawing was fully ended.” “
This was the Lottery for which the following proposals were issued by the Queen’s authority. At the top of the sheet is this title : “ A VERA
s Annales, edit. 1631, p. 663.
80
Scheme for the Lottery of 1567.
RICH LOTTER1E GENERALL, WITHOUT ANY BLANCKES;” under this is a copper, or wood plate, in the center of which are the Queen’s arms, supported by a lion and griffin, with the motto of the Garter ; on one side of this is a view of London, “ Civitas Londinum,” in which the church of St. Paul’s with its very lofty spire makes a conspicuous figure. On the other side is a hill with four large trees on the top ; in the bottom between that and another hill, and behind the supporters, is seen a continuation of the houses of the city. Be¬ low the Royal arms are those of the City of London, immediately under which in the center is a large coffer full of pieces of money, below that are several bags also full of money; and various articles of plate, forming part of the prizes, are exhibited on seven shelves on each side, consisting of cups, vases, beakers, spoons, &c. with bags of money interspersed. At the bottom in the center is the Judgment of Solomon, a man holding a child in one hand, a sword in the other ready to divide it, the mother on her knees, the other woman standing unconcerned.
Underneath these is the following :
“ A very rich Lotterie generall, without any blanckes, containing a great number of good prices, as wel of redy money as of plate and certaine sorts of merchandizees, hauing ben valued and priced by the
commaundment of the Queenesmost excellet Majestie, by men expert and skillfull : and the same Lotterie is erected by hir Majesties order, to the intent that suche commoditie as may chaunce to arise thereof after the charges borne, may be converted towards the restoration of the Havens and strengthening of the Realme, and towardes such pub- lique good workes. The number of Lots shall be four hundreth thou¬ sand, and no more : and [the price of] every Lot shall be the sumnie of Tenne Shillings sterling onely, and no more.”
“ Three Welcomes.”
“ The first person to whom any Lot shall happen, shall have for his welcome (besides the advauntage of his adventure) the value of fiftie poundes sterling in a peice of sylver plate gilte.
“ The second £30 1
“ The third £20 $
in Plate.
I
Scheme for the Lottery of 1567.
81
“ The Prices.”
“ Whosoever shall winne the greatest and most excellent price, shall receive the value of five thousand e poundes sterling, that is to say, £3000 in ready money, £700 in plate gilte and white, and the rest in good tapisserie meete for hangings and other covertures, and certaine sortes of good linnen cloth.”
“ Second great price, £3500, i.e. £2000 in money, £600 in plate, and the rest in tapisserie and linnen.”
It goes on in like manner to 11 more, diminishing in value, the last being £ 140. Then, various prizes from £ 100 to 14 shillings.
|
12 prices |
of £100 |
0 each N |
||
|
24 - |
- |
50 |
0 |
|
|
60 - |
- |
24 |
10 |
|
|
90 - |
- |
- 22 |
10 |
|
|
114 - |
- |
18 |
0 |
|
|
120 - |
- |
12 |
10 |
|
|
150 - |
- |
8 |
0 |
|
|
200 - |
- |
6 |
10 |
|
|
300 - |
- |
4 |
10 |
|
|
500 - |
- |
3 |
10 |
/ |
|
500 - |
- |
3 |
0 in plate |
|
|
500 - |
- |
2 |
10 money |
|
|
2000 - |
- |
2 |
0 in plate |
|
|
6000 - |
- |
1 |
5 ' |
|
|
10,000 - |
- |
0 |
15 |
> money |
|
9,418 - |
- |
0 |
14 J |
Part in money, part in plate and goods.
All the rest 2s. 6d. at least in money.
“ Conditions ordained for the advauntage of the Adventurers in this Lotterie, bysides the prices before mentioned in the Charte.
“ The Queenes Majestie of hir power royall giveth libertie to all maner of persons that will adventure any Money in this Lotterie to resort to the places underwrytten and to abyde and depart from the same in maner and forme following : that is to sav to the Citie ef
C.7 *
VOL. XIX.
M
82
Scheme foy' the Lottery of 1 567-
London at any time within the space of one moneth next following the feast of S. Bartholomew in this present yeare 1567, and there to remaine seven days : and to these Cities and Townes folowing, Yorke, Norwich, Exceter, Lincolne, Coventrie, Southampton, Hull, Bristoll, Newcastell, Chester, Ipswich, Sarisbury, Oxforde, Cambridge, and Shrewesbury, in the Realme of Englande, and Dublyn and Water- forde in the Realme of Ireland, at any time within the space of three weekes next after the publication of this Lotterie in euery of the sayd severall places, and there to remaine also seven whole days without any molestation or arrest of them for any maner of offense, saving treason, murder, pyracie, or any other felonie, or for breach of hir Majesties peace, during the time of their comming, abidyng, or re- tourne.
“ And that every person adventuring their money in this Lotterie may haue the like libertie in comming and departing to and from the Citie of London during all the time of the reading of the same Lot¬ terie, untill the last adenture be to them answered.
“ Whoso shall under one devise, prose or poesie, adventure to the number of thirtie Lotts or upwards within three months next after S. Bartholomew, and gaines not the third pennie of so much as they shall haue adentured, the same third pennie, or so much as wanteth of the same shall be allowed in a yearly pencion from the end of the Lotterie.
“ Whosoever shall gaine the best, seconde, or thirde great price, having not put in the posies whereunto the sayd prices shall be an¬ swerable into the Lotterie, within three months next after S‘ Barthw. shall have abated out of the best price £150, the 2d, £100, the 3d, £80, to be given to any Town corporate, haven, or to any other place, for any good and charitable use, as the party shall name ; and for in¬ ferior prices £5 out of every hundred, to the like uses.
“ Whoever having put in 30 Lottes under one device or poesie within the 3 moneths shall win the last Lot of all, if before that Lot wonne he have not gained so much as hath by him ben put in, shall for his long
83
Scheme for the Lottery of 1567.
tarying and yll fortune be comforted with the reward of £200, and for every Lot that he shall have put in bisydes the said 30 Lots, he shall have 20s. sterling.
“The last Lot save one, £100, and above 30, 10s.
“ Whoso takes from 40 Lots upwards under one devise or poesie, may lay down half in money and give bond for the other half to the Com- missr. for the Citie orTowne where the party shall pay his money, with condition to pay in 6 weekes before the day appointed for the Reading of the Lotterie, which day of Reading shall begin in the Citie of London the 25 June next.
“ If the Reading is prolonged for any urgent cause, the party having paid his money shall be allowed ten in the hundred till the very day of the first Reading.
“ Prices to be delivered the next day, and being a stranger bom, he shall have libertie to convert the same, being money, into wares, to be exported, paying only half custom and duties.
“ If any one have 3 of his owne posies or devices coming immediately after one another, (being put in within the 3 moneths) he shall have £3 besides the prices.
4 - - - £ 6
5 - - - - 10
6 - - - - 25
7 - - - - 100
8 - - - 200
for every increase of number £100.
“ The Collectors to bring in their bookes by 1 May next.
“ Hir Majestie and the Citie of London will answer for the prices.
“ The shewe of the prices and rewardes shall be seene in Cheap- syde, London, at the sign of hir Majesties arms in the house of M. Dericke, Goldsmith, servant to hir Majestie.
“ God save the Queene.
“ Imprinted at London, in Paternoster-row, by Henrie Bynneman, anno 1567.”
84
Scheme for the Lottery of 1567.
A proclamation was issued by the Lord Mayor of London, that the Lord Mayor, his brethren the Aldermen, with the assent of the Com¬ mon Councel, declared that the Adventurers in this Lottery should be duly answered ; that the Reading of the Lottery should not be deferred beyond the 25 June then next, without urgent cause, and at farthest not beyond the feast of the Purification of Saint Marie the Virgin, 1568. [1568-9]
These papers were sent to the principal Gentlemen of the Counties, to be circulated by them, and they were accompanied with the fol¬ lowing letter, under the Queen’s Sign Manual.
“ ELIZABETH R.
Trustie and welbeloved we grete you well where we have comaunded
a . . . . Cart of a lotterie to be published . SheryfF of that .
in the pryncypall towne of the coun . . wch we send youe . copyes
for the further execusion . . . reof it is expedient .... some psons
appoynted of good ... to receave such . somes as or subjectes
shall of theire o . . free disposition be . to delyver uppon the
said lotterye wch .... shall wthout faile . . duelie answered as their adventures shall happen wthout eytlier doupt or delaye ; we have thought meet to recomende the choyse of the Collectors requisite to be had in the said Countie to yor cosideracon and therefore we will and require you imediatlie uppon the receipt hereof first to conferre wth this boarde and thereuppo after you shall have beene well in¬ structed, to make choyse of such and so many Collectors wthin that Countie as for the circustance of that matter you shall fynd mete and requisite, as well for their trust as for convenient knowledge, and to the intent the chardgis as well of the said Collectors, for the gather- inge, as other charges for the sauf kepinge and bringinge up to the chamber of or Citie of London may be well and duelie rewarded it is ordered that for every pounde sterling that shall be by yo' meanes in this sort wthin that Countie collected and sent up, there shall be al¬ lowed uppon every pounde sixe pence, whereof you shall limytte to
85
Scheme for the Lottery of 1567.
the inferyor collectors" such porc5n as ye shall thinke mete, and the rest to such other as by yor order shall take the chardge to bringe and pay the same to the said Chamber of London, of wch we require you allso to make good choyse : and to the intent the Collectors may be orderly aunswered we will you shall appoint such psons as be suffi¬ cient, of whom you shall take bondes to or use in such somes of money as shall amount to the doueble quantitie and value of the Billettes stamped wch you shall delyvr wth the bookes of nombers to the said Collectors according to such instruccons as youe shall bane by this bearer. And fynallie we require you to use all good meanes