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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY,’ AND OF LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.)
CONDUCTED BY
P. J. SELBY, Ese., F.L.S., GEORGE JOHNSTON, MD., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Ese., M.A., F.L.S., F.GS., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh,
AND
RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S.
\/
VOL. VIL—SECOND SERIES, * 3 eens se \ 24A\05 ~~, ——— oe " LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR.
SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL, SHERWOOD AND CO., W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET ; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH? CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1850.
SwWOnal Museu
“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentie testes, divitiz felicitatis humanz :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”’— LINNZUS.
5 ID - .. . . The sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
505.42
REF.
CONTENTS OF VOL. VI.
[SECOND SERIES. ]
NUMBER XXXII. Page I, Outlines of a Monograph of the genus Leontodon. By Joun Av, MRI. Als sak ecto: wad ieve de ce des snact sbetasthoc cbecmendssacdsekets. sete 1
IL. Description of Asplanchna priodonta, an animal of the Class Rotifera. By Pumir Henry Gosse, A.L.S., M.M.S. (With two Plates.) ...ccesceseveeceee dualavas bomb oGhGa 9 onne nbassWea cana sbagniah conus shaissbanen « 18
III. Description of the Entomostraca of the Pleistocene Beds of Newbury, Copford, Clacton, and Grays. By T. Rurerr Jongs, Esq. RVWAEEE i RIeSNt "achennclcecencnseccasccessannceactancetecnceeasanat ak eeedeaesaaas « 25
IV. Observations on the Lacune. By Wirttam Crark, Esq. ...... 29
V. On Scopolia, Anisodus and Mandragora. By Joun Miers, Esq., RE ira, eles wan dochoncs-cawneces seems ceaees scklauauhrsawsaaerienrcenees eiecns) cad
VI. Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Warker, F.L.S. ......... 41
New Books :—An Elementary Course of Geology, Mineralogy, and Physical Geography, by D. T. Ansted, M.A., F.R.S. &e.—An Arctic Voyage to Baffin’s Bay and Lancaster Sound in search of friends with Sir John Franklin, by Robert A. Goodsir ......... 48—51
Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Edin- [oo ear oee Preee reer Ft Bere grec eer H Sab naprideea oki sauce thie velar 51—66
Notes on Medusz and Polypes, by T. H. Huxiey, Esq. ; On the Circu- latory Apparatus and the Organs of Respiration in the Arachnida, by M. Emile Blanchard ; Long-suspended Vitality of a Snail, by W. Baird, Esq.; Way in which Toads shed their skins, by Prof. Henslow ; On the Habitat of Cyprea umbilicata, Sowerby, by Ronald Gunn, Esq.; Glyceria pedicellata; Supplementary Note to Mr. R. Jones’s paper on Fossil Entomostraca; Erratum in Mr. Owen’s Notes on the Hippopotamus ; Meteorological Observations BUG Fables s deassccdeevacce see shu sdn ocd ohud utanne repays fay ke sees tts’ 66—72
1Vv CONTENTS.
NUMBER XXXII.
Page VII. Chronological Exposition of the Periods of Vegetation and the different Floras which have successively occupied the surface of the Earth. By M. ADOLPHE BRONGNIART csscesssconsesersrcererenesecereceee 73
VIII. Description of Lerneonema Bairdii. By Dr. James SALTER. (With a Plate.) ...sccssessereeeceeeenereceeernecneees Santee eeeeinst sesescarb orn 85
IX. Observations on Furcellaria fastigiata, Huds., and Polyides rotundus, Gmel. By Dr. Rossrt Caspary. (With three Plates.) ... 87
X. Observations on the Animals of the Bullide. By Witiiam CLARK, Esq. cccecesessscererccetertens sinfllodebaacsteveuacsneaneneshs@ewevesaba =e 98
XI. Notes on Crustacea. By C. Spence Barz. (With a Plate.)... 109
XII. On the different modes of Aquatic Respiration in Insects. By M. Léon Durour ......+ ep eer palcinse sensenasns sap smuswnacabesessea¥s oxeaaper eee 112
XIII. Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Wauxer, F.L.S. ... 118
New Books :—The Tourist’s Flora: a descriptive Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the British Islands, France, Ger- many, Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian Islands, by Joseph Woods, F.A.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.—Zoology for Schools, by Robert TEAGETREIN. - poqondadapoasancconosconqoodangasIded%09dnaCgDORGOC dosatiaad: 122—124
Proceedings of the Royal Society; Zoological Society ; Botanical So- ciety of Edinburgh ......... BNeass DERe eRe aphasien ss tas omnaen euate 125—143
The Velvet-like Periostraca of Trigona, by J. E. Gray, Esq.; Mon- strous Flowers of Pelargoniums; The Transformation of Mollusca, by J. E. Gray, Esq. ; Notice of the occurrence of Eleocharis uni- glumis, Link, near Blackness Castle, Linlithgowshire, by John T. Syme, Esq. ; On the Names of the Victoria Water Lily, by J. E. Gray, Esq.; On the Organization of the Malacobdelle, by M. Emile Blanchard ; Monograph of the recent species of 7'rigonia, including the description of a new species from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq., by Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S. &c. ; Obituary —The Rev. William Kirby; Meteorological Observations and TAbIe 2ecs2assceceecps opacsenneve nde eguinw ere sh cbatcine -hoteeeatita eee paae 143—152
NUMBER XXXIII. XIV. The Natural Relations between Animals and the Elements in pyuien they live... By Li. AGsassiz goncecncss asenesetnan hen cun Meaaspesacewcucch 153 ©
XV. On the genus Habrothamnus. By Joun Miers, Esq., F.R.S., BELG wrsseceoasicesevnseaveessecevarsnenraasnenpeare Guana qusmsiiveb clair ek veveee 180
CONTENTS. Vv
Page XVI. On the effects produced by some Insects, &c. upon Plants. By James Harpy, Penmanshiel ............+4 “Sear per soccer pepet pe Soc eee 182 XVII. Remarks on some British species of Carex. By W. O. Rrra ree Wall GEE eo etna denvcaitsus scacnsaccssdocnsbaamencgearaseehays mendsngae wists:
XVIII. Chronological Exposition of the Periods of Vegetation and the different Floras which have successively occupied the surface of the Earth. ; By M. ApoLPHe BRONGNIART ..scossscessencesntecetocesccecovess 192
XIX. On the position of the Impressions of Footsteps in the Bunter Sandstone of Dumfries-shire. By Roserr Harkness, Esq. ....... veeee 203
XX. Note to Mr. Harkness’s paper on “ The position of the Im- pressions of Footsteps in the Bunter Sandstone of Dumfries-shire.” By Sin W. JARDINE, Barts! “<.2cc.cadeeess RMS 2. case Wy dasha aut aasacesicabuley 208
New Books :—A Sketch of the Physical Structure of Australia, by J. Beete Jukes, M.A., F.G.S.—Outlines of British Geology ... 210, 211
Proceedings of the Zoological Society......ccssssesesseccesecceceseces 212—227
On the Visual Organ of the Annelida, by M. A. de Quatrefages ; New Classification of Trilobites; The Nepaul Bear, Ursus Babella, Horsfield; Description of a new species of the geuus 7’hracia, by Dr. Jonas; Remark on the genus Nocticula of J. V. Thompson, by J. D. Dana; Meteorological Observations and Table ... 227—232
NUMBER XXXIV.
XXI. On the Hedge Plants of India, and the conditions which adapt them for special purposes and particular localities. By Dr. Hucu Ha Cr CreGHOR Ns ELON: Blu Ore lsecceccascesseasecs ce ceeess'sescscecdsanceddels 233
XXII. Characters of new species of Helix from India, Mauritius and the Cape of Good Hope; also of a new Mauritian Tornatellina, with remarks on the habits of a Cape Succinea. By W.H. Benson, Esq. . 251
XXIII. Sketch of the Geology of the neighbourhood of Grantham, Lincolnshire ; and a comparison of the Stonesfield Slate at Collyweston in Northamptonshire with that in the Cotswold Hills. By the Rev. P. SPS HONTE Mls Nesp his GraSa, asesutindstesietcecsetaceseesinecaeteteseetes Sepa 256°
XXIV. Description of a new British Alga belonging to the genus Schizxosiphon, Kiitz. By Rozert Casrary, Ph.D. &c. (With a Plate.) 266 XXV. On the Animal of Nautilus. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S. ...... 268
XXVI. On some new genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the Collection of the University of Cambridge. By Freprericxk M‘Coy, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Queen’s College, Belfast ...... 270
vl CONTENTS.
Page XXVII. Supplementary Notices regarding the Dodo and its Kin- dred. No.9. By H. E. Srricxtanp, M.A., IRE Crisis Baperemaqasoase Soacad. el Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Botanical Society of Edin- 291—303
burgh ...cscscssesesereseeeees cceccsceeeces dosecoeccccsecascuconcsaeass
Capture of Centrolophus Pompilus, by W. P. Cock; Notices of Aca- lephe found at Lowestoft, by T. Brightwell, F.L.S. ; On the genus Hyalonema, by J. E. Gray, Esq.; Notice of a Hybrid-Crowned Pigeon, by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.5. ; Spheronema deformans ;
On the Names of the Victoria Water Lily, by J. De C. Sowerby, F.L.S. ; Capture of Zetrodon Pennantii; Meteorological Observa- tions and Table .........scseeeeeeeeeerereeeeeens eoseenaweeen Saabesoes 304—3812
NUMBER XXXV.
XXVIII. On the Pholadide. By Witutam Crark, Esq. oes. 313
XXIX. Descriptions of some newly discovered species and Charac- ters of a new genus of Araneidea. By Joun Buacxwatt, F.L.S. ... 336 XXX. Descriptions of a new genus and six new species of Saurian Reptiles. By P. H. Gosse, A.L.S. ...cscsccsccessecceessctscscescscenceeeoes 344
XXXI. Chronological Exposition of the Periods of Vegetation and the different Floras which have successively occupied the surface of the
Earth. By M. ADOLPHE BRONGNIART .....,..seccsccesescescrsccesocasecess 348 XXXII. On the Reciprocal Relation of the Vital and Physical Forces. By Georce Newport, F.R.S., F.L.S. .....0...cccscsecssveceraes 370
XXXIII. Descriptions of three new Devonian Zoophytes. By Fre- perick M‘Coy, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Queen’s Col- REGO, SSCUUAU ME ccs ccnttacaaesandesenesssedcasteen cceeseheaasalcceen: feet ese taeeeEe 377
New Books:—The British Flora, comprising the Phzenogamous or Flowering Plants and the Ferns. The 6th edition, with additions and corrections, &c., by Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H., LL.D. &c. &c., and George A. Walker-Arnott, LL.D. &c. &c.—Dr. Jacob Sturm’s Deutschlands Flora; fortgesetzt von Johann Wil- helm Sturm, M.A.—Icones Florze Germanicz et Helveticz, auc- tore Ludovico Reichenbach.—Bryologia Europza, auctoribus Buch, Schimper et Giimbel.— Genera Plantarum Florz Germa- nicz iconibus et descriptionibus illustrata; opus a beato Nees ab Esenbeck incoatum, continuatum nunc conjunctis studiis plurium auctorum persecutum; Fasc. 25, auctore Schnizlein; Fasc. 26, auctore Bischoff.— Thesaurus Literaturze Botanic; curavit G. A. Deitel? 30.3 dist tus edb deed deo deas See ee eee 379— 385
CONTENTS. Vil Page
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Linnean Society ......... 386—396
Notes on the Syngnathi, by M. Moggridge, Esq. ; On the Resuscitation of Frozen Fish, by Prof. O. P. Hubbard; New Bird from New Zealand; On the Animal of Geomelania, by A. Adams, F.L.S. ; Meteorological Observations and Table ............eeceeeeeeeee 396—400
NUMBER XXXVI.
XXXIV. Tabular view of Fossil Shells from the middle division of the Inferior Oolite in Gloucestershire. By Joun Lycett, Esq. (With @& Plates) eceec.s mance scteomaddemaseconacscansanseccacieescensceecincaane side ssvecieins 401
XXXV. Observations on the Luminosity of the Sea, with descrip- tions of several of the objects which cause it, some new to the British Coast. By Cuartes Witxiam Peacu, Associate of the Royal Institu-
tion ot Comwall, (With three Plates.) zvccdsccadec.sccccsucecceocoterssce 425 XXXVI. Descriptions of some new species of Butterflies. By Wi1- L1aM C, Hewitson, Esq. (With two Plates.).............ssscccssecccesees 434 XXXVII. Notice of a Tridactylous Footmark from the Bunter Sandstone of Weston Point, Cheshire. By R. Harkness, Esq. ...... 440 XXXVIII. On Cardiaster, a new genus of Cretaceous Echinide, allied to Holaster. By Professor Epwarp Forsss, F.R.S. ............ 442 XXXIX. On the Conovulide, Tornatellide, and Pyramidellide. PINE AMC IAN R WAU. sccc ss cacecqesacecdcen susp euscsneauncscauaaree sau ate 444 XL. On the Hairs of marine Algz and their development, By Dr. Rozert Caspary. (With three Plates.) ....0....sccececocceecnccecens 465 XLI. Observations on some British Plants. By G. A. Waker- AmNO MULAN D)E ecence coanaecenssscdesasteotdcosecscanagderwecnsate sbaues cetecste doe 472 XLII. On some new Silurian Radiata. By Frepericx M‘Coy, Pro- fessor of Geology and Mineralogy in Queen’s College, Belfast ......... 474 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ...........sesscscscsescesencscscsesers Gif
On the Tenacity of Life in Snails; Characters of new British Rubi; On Victoria regia; Journey to Explore the Natural History of the Amazon River; On the Occurrence of Regalecus glesne at Redcar, Yorkshire, in 1850, by J. E. Gray, Esq, F.R.S.; Mete- orological Observations and Table ...........seeeceeseeneceeeees 489—498
LIGIGS <CACosRRSNRis CEB cee Ee Cee ca MIREEE eae eh al ie Oe 499
‘PLATES IN VOL. VI.
ae } Asplanchna priodonta, Gosse.
IIL. Fossil Entomostraca.
LY. Mv: ; Anatomy of Furcellaria fastigiata and Polyides rotundus. Wis.
VII. Male Organs of the Brachyura.—Lerneonema Bairdii.
VIII. Schizosiphon Warreniz, Casp. IX. Lae me } New Butterflies.
XI. Fossils from the Inferior Oolite. XII. XIII. } Animals causing the Luminosity of the Sea. XIV. ba XVI. i Hairs of Algz. XVII.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[SECOND SERIES.]
£6 . sesssesseeeenees PY litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circim vitreos considite fontes : Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores : Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphz Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasii Eci, 1.
No, 31.. PULY 850,
I.— Outlines of a Monograph of the genus Leontodon. By Joun Bart, M.R.LA.
AN examination of the species of the genus Leontodon, L., con- tained in my herbarium, and a comparison of the specimens with the descriptions of authors, has led me to perceive that, with the single exception of Koch, the most esteemed authors have but very imperfectly distinguished the species of this genus, or deter- mined the natural groups into which they are distributed. Koch’s Synopsis*, however, gives so complete and satisfactory an ac- count of the forms belonging to the German and Swiss floras, that it might appear superfluous to attempt to add anything to his descriptions if they included a larger number of species, but in consequence of the region of his flora being so far limited, and of having myself observed and collected several species not included in his work, I am induced to propose the following ar- rangement of the forms known to me as the result of independent observation, in the hope that it may assist those botanists who, like myself, may have found the descriptions contained in other works incomplete and unsatisfactory.
I shall premise a few remarks upon the several organs from
* I should observe that reference is made herein exclusively to the first edition of Koch’s ‘Synopsis Flore Germanic et Helvetice.’
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. vi. 1
2 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
the variations in whose form and structure the characters of the species have been derived.
The structure of the root has been, as far as I am aware, neg- lected by all authors before Koch, and by many who have written since the publication of his work; it offers nevertheless a very valuable character by which plants, which in certain states nearly resemble each other, may with certainty be distinguished, and I altogether concur in the separation of the group of species which possess a fusiform vertical root, as a distinct section of the genus from those having a horizontal abruptly termimated rhizoma, though it is proper to remark that L. Villarsi, Lois., and L. Rosani, Ten., present a nearly intermediate structure, in conformity with the general law by which the neaus im a series of forms so complete as that of the Cichoracee is continually maintained.
The length of the scape or flowering stem, as compared with that of the leaves, can scarcely be deemed a trustworthy cha- racter; in L. Taraxact, Lois., and perhaps also in L. croceum, Hke., the comparative shortness of the scape appears to be constant under all circumstances. That condition of the scape which is indicated by the drooping of the capitulum before flowering, as also the thickening of the upper portion of the scape, and the presence of leafy scales, are characters, which, though properly applicable to the description of certain species, are yet so variable in degree, that individual specimens may often be found to which specific characters drawn from these points scarcely if at all apply.
The variations in the form of the leaves in the several species furnish characters, which it is impossible to neglect, and yet, owing to the great diversity seen amongst individuals of the same species, which it is extremely difficult to define with accuracy. I may here express an opinion which has often been suggested to me in the course of attempts to unravel difficult groups of species, that the chief advance to be made in descriptive botany depends upon such accurate observation and designation of | the forms of the leaf, as will enable us to comprehend in specific characters the phases of variation which the leaves of the same species undergo. Careful observation shows, as theory would have already suggested, that, amidst their endless variations, the leaves of plants belonging to distinct species are seldom if ever precisely similar, but the ‘descriptive botanist frequently fails in assigning distinctive characters which really exist in nature. In Leontodon the depth of the incisions or indentations of the leaves is a point of little or no importance, but perhaps their direction has not been sufficiently attended to. I venture to think that in this respect Koch’s appreciation of the importance of the cha- racters drawn from the leaves is erroneous. I am also disposed
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 3
to believe that the general form of the outline of the leaf is in a great degree constant.
The involucre furnishes characters which are nearly as difficult of definition as those derived from the leaves. The scales or phyllaries vary much in their number and breadth, and in the regularity of the order in which they are superimposed. In some of the species of the section Asterothriz the imvolucre is regularly imbricated with four or five rows of equidistant scales, while in the section Apargia we have two rows of scales of nearly equal length with a comparatively small number of short ac- cessory scales at the base, and yet the series of intermediate forms is so complete that it appears impossible to assign definite cha- racters which shall apply exclusively to each species.
The nature and amount of pubescence upon the leaves, stem and involucre are next to be considered. In some species the presence or absence of hairs seems to be determined by accidental conditions, but in the section Asterothria the presence of a rigid stellate pubescence appears to be constant. This latter however varies much in its structure; in some species the hairs are truly stellate, consisting of a short stem crowned with a star, while in others the hairs (which may be termed furcate) are divided at the summit into two or three short branches not lying in the same plane. These branches or spines are usually straight, but sometimes recurved, forming minute hooks at the summit of the hair. In a few instances short irregularly branched hairs are seen to accompany the stellate pubescence.
As a general rule, stellate, furcate, and simple hairs do not occur together upon individuals of the same species, but I have observed simple furcate hairs upon the same specimens of L. has- tilis, L., and L. Rosani, Ten., and I therefore doubt the propriety of relying implicitly on the character of the pubescence for permanent specific characters. In a few species the involucre is occasionally covered with long silky fuscous hairs of a much softer texture than those which are found on the leaves or stem ; it may be doubted however whether these are constantly present in any species of the genus.
There are few genera of Cichoracee in which the fruit varies more in its form amongst the different species than in Leontodon. In some species the acheniuin possesses a beak more than equaling its own length, while in others the fruit is truly beak- less. Owing to the difficulty of comparing dried specimens, from the uncertainty which must exist as to the complete maturity of the fruit, I have some hesitation in asserting my belief that the relative length of the achenium and beak is not always con- stant in the same species. The same observation may perhaps be applied to the degree of roughness of the ribs of the fruit.
1*
4, Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
The structure of the pappus has’ hitherto been considered to afford the surest and most constant characters throughout the entire of the Cichoracee. I am led to doubt the value of the characters by which Koch has divided his sections Apargia and Asterothriz, as 1 do not think that the differences pomted out by him in the structure of the pappus correspond to natural affinities or diversities in the general characteristics of those groups, or that the natural groups which he has proposed con- stantly exhibit the characters assigned by him.
T shall have to describe a remarkable form of this genus, very nearly allied to L. hastilis, in which all the rays of the pappus are either nearly devoid of their usual feathery plumes, or else lose that appendage at a very early period ;—thus requiring a modification of Koch’s character of the genus, where he says, « Plumulz radiorum non decidue.”
In distinguishing the sections of the genus, I have not followed Koch in giving the name Apargia to the small group of which L. incanus is the type; it seems to me more proper to retain that name for the larger group which he has named Dens Leonis, while his section Apargia should in my opinion be united te Asterothrix. If it be determined that the sections of the genus should be founded exclusively upon characters taken from the pappus, it will be necessary to subdivide Koch’s section Astero- thriz into two. I have thought it better merely to indicate the three groups which would thus be formed from the section to which I have given that name.
In accordance with views which I have at various times attempted to circulate amongst botanists, I shall in the following essay distinguish the subspecies, varieties, and less permanent forms of the species here described by fixed symbols, instead of adhering to the ordinary plan of affixing to such forms a Greek or Roman letter whose meaning is not established by any pre- vious convention.
I have elsewhere* endeavoured to show that the introduction © of a systematic notation for this purpose may conduce to objects much more important than the convenience and clearness which it would tend to impart to the details of descriptive botany. The naturalist is, as I believe, greatly dependent for those conceptions which are to enlarge and elevate the scientific character of his pursuit, upon such improvements in technical arrangement and notation as may assist in compelling order amongst the multi- tudinous forms of life which are exhibited to his observation.
Only by slow degrees, and by minute and comprehensive study
* Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienzati Italiani, p. 505.—Report of he British Association for 1845: Proeeedings of the Sections.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 5
of the relations of closely allied forms, can we hope to arrive at distinct conceptions of the true nature of those fundamental groups whose existence under the name of species and genus we confidently affirm, but whose essential attributes we find our- selves unable to define @ priori, and, still less, to recognize with certainty when presented to us in nature.
Adopting the definitions which appear to me best suited to the present imperfect state of our knowledge, I distinguish as a species, that group of vegetable forms, of which we are led by observation and analogy to believe, that the differences between the individuals composing it may be made to disappear by the continued agency of external circumstances either upon the in- dividuals themselves or on their descendants. I denominate sub- species a group of similar forms capable of propagation over a definite area, not immediately altered in form by a change in external conditions, but not distinguished by characters usually found to be constant in the same group. In common with most other botanists, I style varieties those diversities of form which are not continued in the descendants of the individual, or which disappear speedily under the influence of new external agencies. As a provision for our ignorance, I distinguish as lusus those unusual conditions in which a marked difference from the ordi- nary form is exhibited by a small number of individuals, respecting which we are unable to assert whether it be the result of unusual external agency or of some specific or subspecific difference of organization.
Denoting that which appears to be the typical form of each species by the Roman capital A, and premising that in all cases I distmguish the subspecies by a Roman capital, and the corre- sponding variety by the small Roman letter, I propose the fol- lowing symbols, which appear to be appropriate not only for the genus Leontodon, but for the entire natural order of Cichoracee.
+D; stem or scape more divided, capitula more numerous.
—D; stem or scape less divided or simple.
+; plant more slender, leaves and divisions more acute, phylla- ries narrower, florets less numerous.
—E;; scape thicker, leaves broader, more blunt, phyllaries broader, florets more numerous.
+F'; involucre clothed with long hairs, usually of dark fuscous colour.
4-G; whole plant more glabrous, or entirely devoid of pubescence.
—G, pubescence more abundant.
+1; leaves more deeply cut.
—I; leaves less deeply cut or quite entire.
Where a subspecies or variety appears to differ from the typical
6 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
form in more than one of the characters above denoted, two or more letters with the appropriate symbol are affixed. The use of Greek letters is reserved for those forms which I would denomi- nate dusus.
I proceed to give diagnostic characters for the species and the more remarkable subspecies and varieties with which I am acquainted, subjoining occasionally critical observations derived from notes made in the course of an examination of the speci- mens contained in my herbarium. Such further mformation is added with respect to the distribution and synonymy of each species as appeared to rest on trustworthy authority.
Lreontopon, L. Involucrum imbricatum. Achenium columnare, seepius in rostrum sensim attenuatum. Pappus conformis, per- sistens, plumosus, radiis exterioribus interdum brevioribus eplu- mosis. Plumulee radiorum fere semper persistentes. Receptaculum subnudum.
Sect. I. Oportna. Radix premorsa. Pappi radii subzequales, omnes plumosi, ad basin dilatati serrulati. Capitula virginea erecta. Pili simplices.
1. L. autumnalis, L. Radice undique fibrosa ; scapo diviso ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis, vix acutis ; pedunculis superne incrassatis, squa- mosis ; acheniorum suberostrium costz ruguloseze.
A. foliis pinnatifido-dentatis, lobis integris, subobtusis, linearibus ; herba tota pilis simplicibus adspersa.
Hab. in graminosis Europe presertim septentrionalis frequens. Nascitur etiam in America boreali, dubitant tamen cll. Torrey et Gray an vere indigenus.
A+, var. pratensis, foliis pinnatifido-dentatis ; involucro fusco- villoso ; scapo foliisque pilosis.
Hab. sparsim in pratis humidis. (Habui a Scavaig, Isle of Skye, Prof. Balfour ; legi prope Cracoviam, et in montibus prope dm- bleside, in Anglize Comitatu Westmoreland.)
Syn. Apargia pratensis, Link.
—I,—d,+¢g. subsp. palustris, scapo subsimplici; foliis subinte- gerrimis, obsolete dentatis, glabris ; capitulis parvis, in pedun- culum attenuatis ; involucri squamis glabris, atrovirentibus.
Hab. in paludosis, tam montanis quam maritimis. (Legi in Anglia, Westmoreland Mountains ; Black Mountains, Breconshire ; et in Hibernia, Salt marsh by the Boyne near Drogheda.)
+F,—D,—TI. subsp. borealis, scapo simplici, foliis subinteger- rimis, obsolete dentatis ; involucro fusco-villoso.
fab. in torfosis subalpinis Europe septentrionalis. (Clova Moun- tains, Prof. Graham et Prof. Balfour; Sutherland, Prof. Bal- four ; legi in Hibernise monte Lugnaquilla et in Seotize montibus Grampians.)
Syn, Mieracium Taravaci, L. Apargia Taraxaci, Sm.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 7
I possess specimens gathered by myself in the Eastern Pyre- nees (Val de Carol), and on Brandon Mountain in Kerry, which, from the peculiarity of their habit rather than from positive cha- racters, I was disposed to consider distinct ; neither of the speci- mens were in fruit, and for the present I am inclined to refer them to a form of LZ. autumnalis, which I would distinguish as a variety of the subspecies palustris —e.
Sect. II. Aparera. Radix preemorsa. Foliola involucri interiora biseriata subzequalia ; exteriora brevia. Pappi radii ineequales, inte- riores plumosi, ad basin dilatati, serrulati ; exteriores breves, scabri. Pili simplices, seu fureati. Achenia suberostria.
2. L. Taraxaci, Lois. Radice preemorsa, fibris validis preedita ; scapo simplici, superne sensim incrassato, subsquamoso ; foliis lanceolatis, in petiolum attenuatis, subintegerrimis, vel lobato-dentatis, vel in- terdum inzequaliter pinnatifidis, lobis latis triangularibus ; involucro laxo, fusco-villoso, pappo niveo.
Had. in pascuis alpinis Gallize, Helvetiaze, Germanize, et Italize supe- rioris.
Syn. Apargia Taraxaci, W. Hedypnois Tarazxaci, Vill.
This very distinct species appears to be confined to the Alps of Central Europe; I suspect that the Carpathian habitat re- corded by Reichenbach should be referred to the following spe- cies. In both the flowering stem is shorter than in the allied species.
3. L. croceus, Rebh. (an Hke.). Scapo simplici, superne aliquantum incrassato, subsquamoso ; foliis lanceolatis, grosse et imeequaliter pinnatifido-dentatis, lobis triangularibus, integris ; involucro piloso ; pappo sordide albo. Herba tota subglaberrima.
Hab. in alpibus Austriacis et in Carpathis septentrionalibus. (Legi prope Zakopana, et in jugo alpino supra Biala Thal in Carpatho- rum montibus Tatra. Habui ex iisdem montibus sub nomine L. Taraxaci comm. Dr. Gerenday.)
Syn. Apargia crocea, Willd. ?
I do not feel quite certain as to the synonymy of this species, the descriptions of the authors cited being incomplete. The Carpathian plant is intermediate between L. Taraxaci and L. py- renaicus, but it is nearer to the former ; the colour of the pappus affords a satisfactory character by which it may be distinguished.
4. L. pyrenaicus, Gouan. Radice preemorsa, undique fibrosa ; scapo monocephalo, squamoso, superne sensim incrassato, ante anthesin nutante ; foliis spathulato-lanceolatis, obtusis, versus basin repando- denticulatis, glabris vel pilis simplicibus adspersis ; acheniis utrin- que attenuatis vix rostratis, costis vix rugulosis.
A. alpinus, involucro fere glabro, scapo superne incrassato, Hab. in pascuis alpinis Europe medize, frequens.
8 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
Syn. L. squamosum, Lam. Apargia alpina, Willd. (L. alpinum, Jeq. sequenti referendum monente cel. Koch.)
+E,—g. subsp. awrantiacus, involucro pube brevi farinoso ad- sperso ; seapo minus incrassato ; ligulis aurantiacis. ;
Hab. in alpibus Carinthie et in Apenninorum jugo. (Legi prope Heiligenblut, Carinthize, et supra montem Corno alla Scala in Apennino Bononiensi.)
Syn. L. aurantiaeus, Ten. (an Rebh.). Apargia aurantiaca, Kit. ?
This species and the glabrous forms of the succeeding one sometimes much resemble each other, especially before the for- mation of ripe fruit, but the characters assigned, especially the form of the leaf and the disposition of the denticulations towards the base of the leaf, will generally suffice to distinguish the pre- sent species.
I have not verified the character pointed out by Koch, in the narrow base of the rays of the pappus.
5. L. hastilis, L. Radice preemorsa, undique fibrosa ; scapo mono- cephalo, sub-esquamoso, apice parum incrassato; foliis oblongo- lanceolatis, plus minusve inzequaliter dentatis, dentibus versus basin retrorsis ; pilis bi-trifurcatis ; involucri foliolis oblongo-linearibus ; achenii erostris, costis parum rugulosis.
A. foliis, scapis, involucrisque hirtis ; foliis profunde dentatis, lobis triangularibus angulatis.
Hab. in Europa et Asia temperata vulgaris, valde ludibundus ; variat.
+d. scapo inferne bifurcato (legi in Monte Righi Helvetiz).
—g. pilis frequentioribus brevioribus incanus, frequens in apricis Europe, presertim australioris.
+i, foliis acute runcinato-pinnatifidis, lobis dentatis.
Syn. L. crispus, Reich. et Thomas, non Vill.
Habui ab ipso cl. Reichenbach, atque iterum ab E. Thomas ad Zermatt in Valesia lectum. Ipse legi, in Gallize montibus Ar- vernize et Delphinatus, et in Italia superiori juxta Lacum La- rium, necnon in convalle Leventina.
Adsunt etiam varietates plurimee quee subspecies sequentes appro- pinquant.
Syn. L. hispidum, L. Hedypnois hispida, Sm. Apargia hispida,
Hort. Hieracium ineanum, Poll.
+G. subsp. danubialis, foliis, scapis, involucrisque glabris, seu pilis raris furcatis nonnunquam etiam simplicibus adspersum. Frequens in montanis et umbrosis Europe fere totius, sed om- nino desideratur in Anglia et Hibernia ubi species frequentissime occurrit. (Habui etiam ex Persize Monte Eléruz a cel. Kotschy.)
Syn. L. hastilis B. glabratus, Koch. L. hastile, L. L. danubiale, Jacq. Apargia hastilis, Willd. variat. +e —e, +41 &—i.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 9
+1,+g. subsp. hyoseroides, foliis fere ad costam usque pinnati- fidis, pinnis angustis, smuato-dentatis ; herba viridi, glaberrima, seu pilis nonnullis longiusculis adspersa. Legi in sinu alpino Trift dicto, prope Zermatt in Valesia.
Syn. L. hyoseroides, Welw. (?)
—E. subsp. montanus, scapo crassiore, superne magis squamoso ; foliis latioribus, minus divisis, viridibus ; involucri foliolis latio- ribus. Achenia videntur paululum longiora et magis muricata.
Habui a monte Fouly in Valesia ab E. Thomas, formam vix diver- sam legi in alpibus Sti Gothardi, et in Pyrenzeis orientalibus.
Syn. L. dubius, Reich. Apargia dubia, Hppe.
The ordinary forms of the typical species and of the subspe- cies danubialis and hyoseroides are easily distinguished from the allied species by the irregular and unsymmetrical manner in which the leaves are cut and divided; the nearly entire-leaved varieties however, especially those of the subspecies montanus, approach very near to L. pyrendicus, as has already been re- marked, but I believe that the characters given in the leaves and the fruit will always suffice to distinguish the two species. The entire absence of a subspecies so widely spread as L. danubialis from the region of the British flora, is worthy of particular re- mark as bearing upon some of the arguments upon the question of the origin of species derived from their distribution through definite areas of space.
6. L. caucasicus, Fisch.? Radice preemorsa(?); scapo tenui glabro ; foliis runcinato-pinnatifidis, lobis conformibus angulatis retrorsis, cum involucro pilis raris simplicibus, vel nonnunquam furcatis, adsperso ; involucri foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, achenio erostri, vix (aut ne vix ?) muricato.
Hab. in subalpinis Caucasi (D.C. Prod.). Habeo specimen unicum incompletum acl. R. F. Hohenacker.
Syn. Apargia caucasica, M. Bieb. (?) ; Reich. Fl. Exe. 853 (?).
The single imperfect specimen in my herbarium appears to me to be in all probability the plant of Bieberstein, but there are some slight differences between the description above given and that of the author. My plant approaches very nearly in appear- ance to some forms of L. hastilis + G, but I distinguish it by the generally simple hairs, and still more certainly by the regular and symmetrical divisions of the leaf, which resembles that of Aposeris fotida, Less., but the lobes are more decidedly deflexed. The character here noted in the divisions of the leaf is of much importance in the Cichoracee.
7. L. anomalus, nobis. Radice brevi, obliqua, parce fibrosa ; scapo monocephalo, supra medium hine inde squamis linearibus instructo, cum foliis et involucro pilis rigidis bi-tri-uncinato-furcatis obtecto ;
10 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
foliis incano-virentibus, exterioribus spathulatis, sequentibus ob- longo-lanceolatis, antrorsum dentatis ; involucri foliolis lineari-acu- minatis ; achenii suberostris costis muricatis, radiorum pappi plu- mulis deciduis.
Hab. in Apennino Apuano. In verticibus Pagna della Croce* et Tambura, mense Julio, 1844, florentem, hance stirpem detexi, ite- rum legi, mense Maio, 1848, juxta scaturigines Frigide in usdem montibus, specimina nova prioribus omnino conformia.
Although this species much resembles L. hastilis A, 1 cannot doubt of the necessity for distinguishing it from all the forms of that specics. Independently of the remarkable and anomalous character of the pappus, common tv all the specimens from the different localities above mentioned, the hooked branches of the forked hairs, the narrower and more pointed phyllaries, and the rougher ribs of the fruit, furnish points of distinction amply suf- ficient to justify its introduction as a new species. The root also appears to resemble those of the two following species, and to indicate a transition from the horizontal abrupt rhizoma of the species hitherto described to the fusiform root which charac- terizes the following section.
8. L. Villarsii, Lois. Radice subfusiformi, obliqua, parce fibrosa ; foliis invequaliter pinnatifidis, lobis oblongis angulatis, utrinque pilis longis, albis, simplicibus, interdum apice brevissime fureatis, copiose vestitis ; scapo tenui subglabro, superne, cum involueri foli- olis exterioribus lineari-acuminatis, demum recurvis, pube brevis- sima stellata, pilis raris intermixta, parcius adsperso ; achenii sub- erostris costis vix rugulosis.
Hab. in saxosis Galliz australis, Pedemontii et (?) agri Forojuliensis, infrequens. Habeo e Gallia prope Gap, comm. cl. Jordan ; atque ex Pedemontio juxta Col di Tenda, ubi detexit cl. Reuter.
Syn. L. hirtum, Vill., et forsan Linn. sp.1123. Apargia Villarsii, W. Picris hirta, All.
This species, very distinct in appearance from the preceding members of this section of the genus, is closely allied to the fol- lowing species, of which it might be considered a subspecies + B but for the differences found in the hairs and fruit of L. Rosani.
9. L. Rosani, D.C. Prod. Radice subfusiformi, obliqua, parce fibrosa ; foliis oblongis, profunde pinnatifidis, segmentis spathulatis oblon- gisve, angulatis, e pilis longis albis, sub lente asperis, interdum sim- plicibus, seepius apice bifurcatis, utrinque hirtis; scapo tenui sub- glabro, superne, cum involucri foliolis lineari-oblongis adpressis, pube brevissima stellata, pilis raris intermixta, adsperso ; achenii vix rostrati, costis eminentibus muricatis.
Hab. in apricis Italie medize et inferioris haud infrequens. Legi in
* I possess a specimen of the common J. hastilis A, gathered at the same time on this mountain.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 11
Hetruria (Val di Chiana, La Verna, Fiesole, Apennino Pistojese), semper tamen in montosis soli expositis.
Syn. dpargia Rosani, Ten. Stirpem Tenoreanam in regno Neapo- litano nascentem nunquam vidi, hane tamen ex diagnosi Candol- leano, ipsissimam fore speciem quam ego jam plurimis annis in Hetruria observavi, nullum dubito.
This species is considerably larger in all its parts than L. Vil- larsti, nevertheless it is doubtful whether the adpressed outer scales of the involucre would afford a sufficient mark of specific distinction, but, in the present state of our knowledge of this group, we may assume that the roughness of the hairs with which the leaves are abundantly clothed, together with the muricated achenia, furnish characters which do not allow us to unite this with the last-mentioned species.
Sect. III. Asrrrorurix. Radix fusiformis, verticaliter descen- dens. Capitula virginea nutantia. Foliola involucri 3—5-seriata, im- bricata. Pili stellati. Achenia muricata plus minus rostrata.
* Pappus ut in § II.
10. L. incanus, Scop. Radice simplici subramosa; foliis oblongis integerrimis, seu leviter denticulatis, e pilis subeequalibus brevibus stellatis utrinque incanis; involucri foliolis lanceolatis, atroviren- tibus, cum scapo apice parce squamoso, pube brevissima stellata, pilis nonnullis furcatis intermixta, obtectis; achenio superne at- tenuato, ruguloso.
Hab. in montosis, preecipue calcareis Europe mediz. Habui ex alpibus Rheeticis (dldula, K. Thomas, Tyrol, Bartling), ex Carpa- thorum monte Chocs, comm. Dr. Flittner, atque ex collibus prope Vindobonam, a Kovats.
Syn. Hieracium incanum, L. Apargia incana, Scop. Leontodon alpinum, Vill. (see D.C. Prod. vii. p. 103).
+D-+E. subsp. arenarius, scapo bi-trifido ; foliorum indumento aliquantum breviori, inyolucri foliolis exterioribus recurvis.
Hab. in arenosis ad ripas fl. Isonzo prope Goritz unde possideo spe- cimen unicum immaturum; prope Togliano et Monfalcone, Reich.
Syn. Apargia Berini, Bartl. A. arenaria, Moretti. A. canescens, Sieb.
There are no characters assigned to L. Berini in the descrip- tions of authors which justify its being retained as a distinct spe- cies, and it is doubtful even whether it should rank as more than a variety produced by the peculiar position in which it is found in the sandy detritus of the rivers in Friuli.
The character of the pubescence is identical in both forms, but it appears to be slightly shorter in the subspecies arenarius. In the ordinary form the stellate hairs of the scape become gradually
12 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
shorter from the base upwards, and ultimately the radiated star with which each is crowned becomes nearly sessile.
11. L. tenuiflorus, D.C. Prod. Radice simplici, interdum 2—3-fur- cato; foliis oblongo-linearibus, integerrimis, obscure virentibus ; pilis rigidis stellula brevi coronatis, obtectis, scapo sparsim squa- moso, versus basin folio unico lineari seu oblongo-lineari instructo, glabro, vel pilis stellulatis paucis adsperso, superne, cum involucri squamis lineari-lanceolatis, pube rara brevissima subincano ; ache- nio breviter rostrato, preesertim superne muricato. :
Hab. in calcareis subalpinis Insubrie. Legi juxta Lacum Larium copiose plerisque locis. (Monte Crocione, prope Tremezzo, Villa Arcolani.)
+i. foliis versus medium sinuato-dentatis.
Habui ex Monte Salvatore prope Lugano comm. K. Thomas.
Syn. Apargia tenuiflora, Gaud., descr. ex spec. a Monte Salvatore
quee nobis ad varietatem spectare videntur, cum forma Alprum Insubriz soleunis gaudet foliis integerrimis, caeterum descr. Gau- diniano omnino conformis.
The less numerous hairs crowned with a shorter star might not suffice to distinguish this species, but the presence of scales and a cauline leaf on the stem, the narrower and longer invo- lucral leaflets, and the more beaked and rougher fruit, furnish abundant points of specific distinction which have not been suffi- ciently pointed out.
This and the preceding species fall into the section Apargia of Koch; but that group, which is founded on a difference in the structure of the mner rays of the pappus, which in these are flat- tened and serrulate at the base, while in the succeeding species they are feathered throughout, appears to me quite artificial, as in all other important respects it is closely allied with the true Asterothrices ; but I find that if the pappus alone be considered, it is scarcely correct to separate these from the preceding group which Koch has termed Dens leonis. All the rays of the pappus are not feathered in L. incanus and L. tenuiflorus, for I have always found a few short scabrous hairs ; so that in the structure of the pappus these species exhibit a nexus between the two groups, which it might otherwise be desirable to distinguish as separate genera.
** Pappi radii e basi plumosi, exteriores breviores interdum scabri.
12. L. sawatilis, Reich. (?). Radice crasso, fusiformi ; foliis antror- sum sinuato-dentatis pilis stellatis vestitis; scapo pilis raris ad- sperso ; involucri laxiusculi foliolis lmeari-lanceolatis, acutiusculis, glabris aut margine et dorso pilis brevibus rigidis ciliatis, in series 4—5 haud eequidistantibus instructis ; achenio longe rostrata, pre- sertim in rostro muricato.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 13
Hab. in regno. Neapolitano et verosimiliter in tota regione mediter- ranea cum sequente confusus. Legi prope Neapolim juxta Castel- lamare.
Syn. Apargia saxatilis, Ten. Diagnosis Reichenbachianus videtur incompletus, nec satis liquet an vir celeb. verum L. erispum, Vill., cum L. sazatili conjungendum judicavit, sive stirpis Villarsianze omnino ignarus fuit. )
—i. foliis e collo radicis crebris, sinuatis, vix dentatis. Legi in ru- pibus preeruptis Insulee Capreearum prope Neapolim.
Finding the synonyms and descriptions of authors as to this and the following species to be very discordant, I have described the plants known to myself, and have given them the specific names which I have no doubt they were intended to bear by the authors to whom the original descriptions are respectively due.
13. L. crispus, Vill. Radice fusiformi ; foliis antrorsum pimnatifido- dentatis, segmentis ineequalibus obtusis, e pilis rigidis stellatis in- cano-scabris ; scapo interdum versus basin folio unico instructo, 8-12 pollicari ; involucri subcylindracei foliolis omnibus anguste linearibus, adpressis, vix acutis, 4—5-seriatis, exterioribus cum scapo pilis stellatis illis foliorum conformibus tenuiter adspersis ; achenio longe rostrato, preesertim superne spinelloso-muricato, dentibus diametrum rostri subeequantibus.
Hab. in Gallia meridionali. Legi juxta Vaucluse, habui ex Departe- ment del Ain a cl. Jordan.
Synonyma ad varietatem spectant.
+e+g. gracilior, superne glaber, foliola involucri minus nume-
rosa, achenio paulo minus muricato.
Hab. in apricis Carnioliz et Istria. Habui a Fiume e manu Prof.
Sadler.
Syn. Apargia tergestina, Hppe. A. erispa, Willd. Leontodon his-
pidum, Scop.
Not without hesitation I have decided on keeping distinct this and the preceding species. The structure of the involucre seems too far different to allow us to unite these otherwise nearly allied plants. In L. sawzatils the involucre is more lax, the phyllaries broader and more acute, the two inner series nearly equal in length, about twelve in number; in L. crispus they are longer, much narrower and blunter, and the two imner series are about twenty in number in the normal French plant, rather less nu- merous in variety +e+g. I must however admit, that it is not satisfactory to rest the distinction of species so far upon the cha- racters of a single organ.
‘14. L. biseutellefolius, D.C. Radice fusiformi; foliis lanceolatis, in petiolum attenuatis, subzequaliter serrato-dentatis, dentibus an- trorsum versis acuminatis, obscure viridibus, pilis stellatis cbteetis ;
14 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
scapo interdum folio basilari instructo, superne glabrescente ; invo- lucri squamis lineari-acuminatis, laxiusculis, exterioribus recurvis, omnibus margine et dorso ciliatis; (achenii muricellati rostro brevi?). Hab. in Apennino Neapolitano (Tenore) et Romano (Moris), in Tau- ria (M. Bieb.) Habeo specimina Taurica immatura e manu Steveni e quibus trahitur diagnosis noster. Syn. Apargia crispa, var. macrorhiza, Ten. A. hispanica, M. Bieb.
—G. subsp. (?) cinerascens, nob. (descr. ex spec. immaturo), scapo foliis 2 instructo, versus basin cum foliis omnibus e pilis mollibus longe stellatis incano, superne cum involucro pube brevi stellata, pilis longioribus intermixta, vestito.
Habui specimen unicum ex Pisidia, comm. cl. Heldreich ; specimen alterum quod cum priore nomine gaudet L. biscutellefolii est omnino L. asperrimus noster.
The decided difference in the sculpturing of the leaf, the more lax and recurved phyllaries, and, as far as I can judge from un- ripe specimens, the shorter beak of the fruit, sutficiently distin- guish this from the two last species. I am inclined to expect that complete specimens of my subspecies cinerascens will esta- blish characters of specific value by which it should be distin- guished, and I believe that it will be found to be intermediate between L. asper and L. adherens.
**E Pappi radi omnes plumosi, exteriores breviores.
15. L. asper, Reich. Radice fusiformi; scapo simplici aut rarius bifido, basin versus folio unico lanceolato, superne squamis linea- ribus, instructo ; foliis radicalibus lanceolato-spathulatis, in petio- lum attenuatis, lobato-dentatis, segmentis ineequalibus triangula- ribus, viridibus, e pilis sub lente asperis apice stellatis, hispidis ; involucri foliolis lanceolatis, acutiusculis, margine et interdum dorso ciliatis pilis brevibus stellatis, in series 4—5 eequidistantes imbri- catis ; achenio longe rostrato, superne muricato.
Had. in Hungaria et Macedonia. Habui ex Banatu a cl. Wierzbicki, atque ex Montibus Carlova e manu Friwaldski; occurrit etiam in Germania boreali suadente cel. Reichenbach, neenon in Pyre- neeis ad portum Venasque, et in Sicilia, auctore D.C. (Prod. vu. p. 103). Licet tamen dubitare de diagnosi stirpis diu confuse preesertim quoad specimina pyrenaica, cum planta hungarica pree- diligit loca saxosa calidiora montium inferiorum.
Syn. Apargia aspera, W. K.
Habentur synonyma plurima meo sensu omnino dubia. Apargia questfalica, Béuningh. (Reich.) Apargia hispanica, W. (sec. Koch) ; sed stirps Willdenoviana, quam Candollius Asterothrici, Cass., conjunxit, videtur ex diagnosi auctorum incompleta, bene distincta species.
This species is intermediate between the group of which L. crispus, Vill.,is the type, and L. asperrimus. It is considerably
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 15
larger and more robust in habit than the preceding species ; the involucres are broader, subglobose, and more regularly imbri- cated. It is probably nearly allied to Apargia hispanica, W.
16. L. adherens, Fzl. Radice fusiformi ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, subintegerrimis aut interdum sinuato-dentatis, utrinque, cum scapo simplici et involucro, e pilis rigidis stellatis cano-hispidis ; involucri foliolis quadrifariam imbricatis, lanceolatis, acummatis; achenio breviter rostrato, parum ruguloso (in spec. immaturis) ; indumento totius plantze variz longitudinis e pilis sat longis, brevioribus, et subsessilibus intermixtis.
Hab. in Monte Tauro. Habeo specimina Kotschyana e manu clar. auctoris.
This species is easily distinguished by the presence of stellate hairs of various length ; it is much smaller in stature than the last, but the involucre approaches to the succeeding species both
in size and structure.
17. L.asperrimus, Boiss MSS. Radicefusiformi; foliis oblongis, lobato- dentatis, cum scapo striato, squamuloso, basi folio unico instructo, simplici aut furcato, pilis rigidis, sub lente muricato-asperis, apice brevissime stellatis, undique strigosis ; involucri cylindracei foliolis quinquefariam imbricatis zequidistantibus, exterioribus lanceolatis, acutiusculis, margine et dorso pilis brevibus rigidis ciliatis, inte- rioribus lineari-elongatis, obtusis, glaberrimis, acheniis (in spec. nostris abortivis) rostratis, muricellatis ; (?) pappi radiis longe plu- mosis, triseriatis, inzequalibus ; receptaculo fimbrillifero.
Hab. in Iberia, Persia, et Asia Mimore. Habui ex Monte Demawend comm. cl. Kotschy, ex Caucaso orientali a cl. Hohenacker, atque ex Pisidia specimen supracitatum a cl. Heldreich communicatum.
Syn. Scorzonera asperrima, Willd. S. hispida, M. B. Apargia stri- gosa, M. B. (Fl. Taur. Cauc.) Asterothrix asperrima, Cass. This very distinct species greatly exceeds in stature, and still
more in the size of the floral parts, the preceding species ; it will
be seen however that it cannot properly be distinguished gene-
rically, being nearly connected in essential characters with L.
asper and L. adherens, while these in their turn can scarcely be
separated even as a section of the genus from those which pre- cede them.
Want of leisure and opportunity having prevented me from comparing my own specimens with those contained in more ex-— tensive herbaria, I shall merely quote the descriptions of three species which I have been unable to examine for myself, but which appear properly to belong to the genus ; and I shall further add a list of the uncertain and unknown species which have been attributed to it, though most of the latter are probably either synonyms of the known species, or plants properly belonging to other genera.
16 Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon.
Species mihi non satis note.
18. L. Boryi, Boiss. “ Foliis radicalibus pinnatifidis, lobis obtusis subintegris, pilis rigidulis confertis apice trifurcatis hispidis, scapis folia superantibus pilis apice 2-3 furcatis hirtellis, involucro ob- longo glabro, acheniis leeviusculis longius rostratis, pappi setis ex- terioribus paucissimis.”’
Hab. in campis aridis Sierree Nevade regni Granatensis ad altit.
6700-9500 ped. Syn. Apargia hispida, Bory. L. crispus B. Boryanus, Webb. Herba pygmea affinis Z. crispo sed distinctissima, ex D.C. Prod. unde trahitur diagnosis. Desideratur descriptio amplior quze cha- racteres certiores ex achenio et radice fusius ostendat.
19. L. hispanicus, Merat. ‘ Caule foliisque sparse hirtis, pilis aliis simplicibus, aliis apice stellato-furcatis, involucro campanulato, acheniis (saltem immaturis) leevibus.’’
Haé. in collibus regni Hispano-Valentini.
Syn. L. hispidum, Cav. Apargia hispanica, Willd. <Asterothrix hispanica, D.C.
“Corolla in sicco ut in Tolpide virescens. Variat caule scaposo mo- nocephalo aut subramoso parce folioso 2—3-cephalo.”’
Species quoad affinitates dubia.
20. L. lucidus, D.C. ‘‘ Glaberrimus, foliis radicalibus oblongo-cu- neatis obtusis basi attenuatis obtuse pinnatifidis, lobo terminali ovato majore ; scapo foliis multo longiore, striato, sub capitulo parce bracteolato, involucri squamis lanceolatis margine subscariosis, ache- nis muricatis.”’
Hab. in sylvulis circa Sarzanam detexit ill. D.C. In collibus Euga- neis, Schouw, D.C. Forsan etiam in Samnio, et ad Montem Miletto.
Syn. Apargia lucida, Ten. (?)
Hee stirps ex diagnosi Candolleano probe distincta est: Nunquam in Italia superiori mihi obvia fuit. An subspecies + G@ L. anomali? quum ex diagnosi affinis L. hastili, ab hoc novissimo acheniis dense muricatis preecipue differt. Adest analogia L. hastilis A et L. danubialis, qua facile videtur quanta diversitas inter formas unze ejusdemque speciei in hoe genere sistere potest.
Species dubie et ignote.
21. DL. annuus, Vis. Hab. in Mgypto.
Syn. LZ. asper, Forsk. non Rebh.
22. L. bicolor, Turczaninow. Had. in Sibiria baicalensi.
23. L. borealis, D.C. Hab. in Insula Sitcha. In America boreali- occidentali.
Syn. Apargia borealis, Bong. Apargidium boreale, Torr. & Gr.
Ex descr. Torreyano pappo non plumoso ceterisque notis ad Lactu- caceas referendus.
24. L. Brumati, Schiede. Hab. in Istria, ad Tergestum.
Mr. J. Ball on the genus Leontodon. 17
25. L. chilloensis, D.C. Hab. prope Quito. Syn. Apargia chilloensis, H. B. K. Genus ex auctoribus valde dubium.
26. L. collinus, Turezaninow. Hab. in Sibiria baicalensi. 27. L. coronopifolius, Dsf. Apargia coronopifolia, Willd. 28. L. dandaleus, Sieber. Hab. in Creta.
29. L. glaber, Ucr. Hab. in Sicilia.
30. L. macrorhizus, Steud. Hab. in Regno Neapolitano. Syn. Apargia macrorhiza, Ten.
31. L. megalorhizon, Forsk. Hab. ad Dardanelles. 32. L. pinnatifidus, nob. Hab. in Regno Neapolitano. Syn. Apargia pinnatifida, Ten.
33. L. Preslii, D.C. Had. in Sicilia.
Syn. Apargia ciliata, Psl.
34. L. sublyratus, Merat. Had. in Galloprovincia. Syn. Forsan ZL. crispus, Vill., var.
35. L. variegatus, D.C. Hab. Monte Video.
Before concluding, I shall add a few remarks on the geogra- phical distribution of the species.
The entire genus belongs to the temperate regions of the old world. Of the well-ascertained species, which alone need be taken into account, a large proportion are confined to limited areas of distribution. The single species which forms the section Oporina is widely spread throughout the regions of the Scandi- navian and Celtic floras, and may probably extend throughout the entire boreal zone and represent the genus in the western hemi- sphere. All the well-established subspecies and varieties of this species are found in Britain. Of the eight species forming the section Apargia, one only, L. hastilis, is spread over a wide area, being particularly common throughout the region of the Ger- manic flora. It isa singular fact, which I have already alluded to, that the hispid form of the species is alone seen in Britain, while the glabrous subspecies danubialis is equally common throughout central Europe. One species of the section Apargia is confined to the western portion of the Alps ; a second inhabits the alpine region of eastern Europe, and a third, the Caucasian chain ; while one other species probably extends throughout the whole sub- alpine zone of the mountains of central Kurope. Two species appear to be confined to central and southern Italy, while the last remaining member of the group seems limited to the valleys of the maritime Alps. The section Asterothrix (if we should therein include LZ. Boryi and L. hispanicus) includes ten species which chiefly inhabit southern Europe. The two last-named be-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. vi. 2
18 Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta.
long to Spain, two more species belong to the alpine flora, two to the warmer parts of France and Italy, one to Hungary and Greece, and three to western Asia between Syria and the Cau- casus.
It is worthy of remark, that here, as in many other natural groups, e.g. the Pilosella section of the genus Hieracium, the hairy clothing which is common to nearly all the species is found to be most abundant and of a more rigid character in the spe- cies which inhabit the continental region, farthest removed from the influence of the coast climate of the Atlantic.
Il.— Description of Asplanchna priodonta, an animal of the Class Rotifera. By Purrie Henry Gossn, A.L.S., M.M.S.
[With two Plates. |
Tue extreme interest of the discovery by Mr. Brightwell (re- corded in the ‘ Annals’ for September 1848) of the dicecious character of a species of the class Rotifera, induces me to men- tion the fact that a second (if not a third) species of the same genus has fallen under my notice.
In the course of a series of investigations on the Rotifera pur- sued during the last year, I received through the kindness of Edmund E. Bowes, Exsq., water from many of the ponds of Wal- thamstow and its neighbourhood. A species of this genus was abundant in one of these in August, which in several particulars differed from Mr. Brightwell’s ; but it needs further examination before it can be established.
On the third of the present month (May 1850) I took many specimens of a species, which is certainly distinct from Mr. Bright- well’s, and I think also from the Walthamstow one. I dipped them from the margin of the Serpentine in Hyde Park, close to the house of the Humane Society. A few days later I obtained a single individual of the same species from the lake im front of Kensington Palace.
Taking the elaborate description by Mr. Dalrymple in the Phil. Trans. for 1849, as the standard of the first detected spe- cies, | find that of the Serpentine to differ in several important particulars. It is not more than half as large, adult females averaging about ;/, of an inch in length, and none that I saw measuring more than 74. The jaws are broader, are rather hooked or falcate at the tip than uniformly curved, and instead of the projecting tooth on the inner side they have this edge minutely serrated, with the tip forming two curved longer teeth. Each mandible carries a style or spine, proceeding from its back,
Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta. 19
and curving round nearly parallel with its extremity, forming a sort of accessory tooth. The whole apparatus reminds us of the maxille of an insect with the maxillary palpi. The other obvious distinctions are found in the form of the general outline, in that of the stomach, in that of the ovary, in that of the tortuous glan- dular threads (which Professor Ehrenberg calls seminal glands), in the arrangement of the tremulous tags, and in the form and size of the contractile bladder.
The form is that of a membranous purse, most delicately transparent, and therefore very difficult to detect with the naked eye. It is almost regulanly oval, the dorsal side however being rather inclined to be the longer. The front is furnished with a coronet of muscular masses, carrying cilia, which form two vor- tices. The centre of the head, or space thus surrounded, rises into two low conical protuberances, set rather forward, over which several muscular threads ramify and cross each other: between these, rather behind, is an oval opening, the entrance of the pharynx, just within the margin of which on the hinder side is placed a small eye of a rich crimson hue, as a guardian to the passage. A ganglion supports it. On each side of the circum- ference a ganglionic lobe projects, which carries another red eye equally rich, but smaller. The eyes are beautifully distinct when viewed by reflected sunlight. The hind head terminates in two incurved thick processes, between which there is a rounded ex- cision, and on each side of these curved lobes there is a little pro- jection carrying a thick short seta. I feel little doubt that these organs, of which either one or two are found in most of the Rotifera, and which Ehrenberg calls respiratory tubes, are rudi- mentary antenne. Threads with bifurcate extremities go from the centre of the head to each cone-top, each lateral eye and each antenna. Below the cones lies a kidney-shaped muscular cushion, to one lobe of which is attached the jointed dental forceps, pointing horizontally backwards, while the other and larger lobe is spread beneath, probably as a rest to support the prey while the teeth masticate and lacerate it. On the top of this cushion are seen several yellow glandular (?) spots varymg in number. The mouth leads by a narrow esophagus into a capacious mem- branous crop, ordinarily of a somewhat cubical form and much corrugated, but capable of great expansion, when its surface is seen to be covered with a beautiful network of muscular threads, with thickened points of interlacement. In Pl. I. fig. a. it is seen expanded, as when food is entering; in Pl. II. fig. h. it is in its ordinary state. I think that when the animal is cognizant of food brought to the mouth by the ciliary vortices, it suddenly expands the crop by the action of the muscles that go from it to the skin, when the water rushing in to the vacuum carries in
Q*
20 Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta.
the prey. Then the network of fibres contracts again and the prey is secured. The jaws, with their cushion, are placed within this cavity at the front anterior end; and immediately beneath the cushion (not at the bottom of the crop) opens the long delicate duct, composed of longitudinal and annular contractile tissue, which leads to the stomach. It is capable of immense dilatation, but commonly takes the form of a slender tube with the lower extremity swollen, where an oval pancreatic gland is attached on each side. The passage of a small morsel, such as a Chilomonas (see fig.a), shows that the walls of this organ are thick, leaving only a slender tube when corrugated. The stomach consists of several rounded lobes or sacculi, arranged in a somewhat hemispherical form, the convexity being downward. It is always of a yellowish hue. There is no anal orifice to the stomach nor any intestine ; the remains of the food when digested are regurgitated by the contraction of the viscera and discharged through the mouth. The reproductive system consists of the ovary, the ovisac, the contained ovum or embryo, the oviduct, and the vaginal orifice. In no specimen have I seen the ovary horned or band-shaped, but roundish and very small. It is seen in fig. a with its nuclei, with the ovisac wrinkled up im front of it: in figs. and 7 it is behind and somewhat above the ovisac, which contains a deve- loping ovum. Cells are seen forming in the ovum, and there are several large oil-globules of a salmon colour and of a high refractive power. Possibly the colouring matter of these reser- voirs may be resolved into the red pigment of the eyes, and the “yellow of the jaw-cushion and other parts. The ovum produces the living young in the ovisac, which, when matured, occupies the whole lower part of the parent, if a female young; but the male is much smaller. At length it escapes through the oviduct and vaginal aperture, and immediately swims freely away. All its organs, the eyes, teeth, stomach, muscles, rotating cilia, &c., can be seen with perfect distinctness long before expulsion, and its motions are strong and voluntary. On the upper side of the oviduct sits a contractile bladder, which when full is perfectly globular and small ; being scarcely, if at all, larger-than the two pancreatic glands put together. Round this, attached at or near its base, passes on each side a tortuous thread apparently glan- dular, which goes up along each side of the ventral region, and is attached to the head-mass behind the jaw-cushion. The mid- dle part of each thread is wrinkled into a large plexus of four or five pairs of doublings, laid with some regularity ; on this plexus are placed four tremulous tags directed inwards ; making eight in all. None are visible on any other part of the threads. The presence of these organs, as well as of the contractile bladder, in the female, shows that these are not connected with impregnation.
Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta. 21
Close to each plexus there is a minute orifice in the skin set round with short setz, and a similar one is placed on each side of the back, but a little higher up. From each of these four apertures a thread floating freely m the cavity of the body goes towards the head, having at its contact with the aperture a thickened club-shaped ganglion or gland.
The muscles are very numerous, and exert a powerful action, especially in the syringe-like retraction of the head. The principal pair are broad ribbons extending down each side from the head to near the bottom of the body (see figs. a & 7). Another similar pair run down one on each side of the back. The other longitudinal muscles are chiefly threads, sometimes forked at their insertions. Very fine threads also keep the viscera in their places : thus two are attached to the fundus of the stomach, tying it to the bottom of the body. ‘The ovary is attached to these and also to a dia- gonal thread branching from one of the longitudinal pairs. At the lower part of the back are two transverse muscles, which do not extend round the body; their contractions frequently draw in the skin of this part in strong angular folds. All the cuti- cular insertions are in a skin separable from the outer mtegu- ment. Across the body, near the upper part or middle of the back, go three parallel transverse threads, of which the upper- most has each extremity prolonged in two branches ; viewed late- rally (as in fig. a) they are often seen quite bowed, and appear perfectly free, except at their insertions into the skin. They often seem to connect one pair of longitudinal muscles, but are, as I believe, independent.
The coronet of thickened masses that surround the head is probably muscular, bearing the cilia. Just below this there is a series of five or six annular threads set in the inner skin, which are probably muscular and aid in the complex movements of the head. The reniform cushion that bears the jaws is doubtless composed of powerful muscles ; and the delicate stomach with its tube, the great crop and the ovisac, are covered with muscular network.
As a nervous system, each of the three eyes rests on a mass that appears ganglionic; the clubbed masses at the lateral aper- _ tures are probably of the same character ; and the interior of the body contains a number of very delicate threads floating freely in the contained fluid, which have thickened knobs here and there, especially where they anastomose (see fig. 2).
Such is the anatomy of the female. But the observations of Mr. Brightwell and Mr. Dalrymple had taught me to look for a distinct male, which I accordingly searched for. Many indivi- duals I examined, but all were females ; at length I found a small
22 Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta.
specimen which appeared likely to be a male ; but it soon died, and I was uncertain. Soon after, I saw the developing young m a pregnant female, that seemed different from the ordinary em- bryos ; and in hope that this might be a male, I isolated the pa- rent. At length I had the satisfaction of seeing it born, and of finding it exactly the same as the one I had taken, but widely different from the female. Another was produced in the same evening from another parent, likewise under my eye. The ejec- tion, though occupying only a few seconds, was not so instan- taneous as I had observed it in the Walthamstow species. Both of these new-born males I placed with several females, but no intercourse took place, and I again isolated them for the night with sufficiency of water ; but in the morning one was dead and the other dying. Judging from these, the first I saw must also have been newly born.
The length of these specimens was 745 inch. They had a general agreement in outline with the female. But the outlet corresponding to the vagina was at the very bottom of the ventral side, which ran down to a point, while the dorsal side was rounded off (see figs.e & f). At the base of this tube was a globular sperm-sac, with a short thick penis in front (see f) ; the whole nearly surrounded by a delicate glandular mass. The place of the stomach was occupied by a long sac having a slender neck originating from the front part of the head-mass, and at the bot- tom broadly attached to the sperm-bag. This whole organ was filled with minute granular matter except three or four clear glo- bular bladders: the sperm-bag showed a structure very similar. The principal muscles agreed with those of the female. The tor- tuous threads and their plexuses were represented by twothickened glandular bodies extendimg from the head-mass to the foliaceous substance surrounding the sperm-bag. The drawing of the head- mass was taken from a dying specimen, and probably needs cor- rection ; the three eyes however were present, situated as in the female, but no trace of jaws was discernible, even on pressure ; nor any crop nor true stomach. These were very active, swimming rapidly about, and scarcely still an instant. On one or two oc- casions I observed one of the males with a slender process pro- truded to a considerable length from the sexual orifice, and ad- hering to the glass by its tip ; moving round on it as on a pivot.
The stomach of the female is frequently occupied with animals ; the smaller Anurea, as A. aculeata, curvicornis (?) and stipitata(?), which are abundant in the water, seem to constitute its chief food. I have taken one with the species last named in its stomach, which after about an hour was ejected and swam about as lively and apparently uninjured as ever. In one I saw several
Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta. 23
specimens of a long slender Fragillaria loose in the cavity of the body ; and in the stomach of another the long cell of a Conferva. On several I observed a small parasitic Colacium.
As it is manifest that the characters of the genus Notommata of Prof. Ehrenberg will not apply to these animals, I propose to form them into a new genus, under the name Asplanchna (a priv., orAdyyvov, viscus), alluding to the remarkable absence of the intestinal canal. It may be thus characterized :—
Gen. ASPLANCHNA.
Animal rotatorium, ex Hydatincorum familia, pede, intestino, et ano carens ; ocellis, mandibulisque instructum ; sexibus sejunctis.
The three species as yet detected may be thus defined :— 1. Asplanchna Brightwellii.
A. mandibulis unidentatis; ocello unico ; stomacho ovali, longi- tudinali ; vesica lobata, majore ; corpusculis tremulis filo extenso affixis ; ovario bicornuto. Long. cir. jj, unc.— ¢ mandibulis, pha- rynge, et stomacho carens ; corpore truncato. Long. cir. 35 une.
Hab. Norwich, Leamington.
I have honoured this species with the name of Mr. Brightwell, its first discoverer and describer.
2. Asplanchna priodonta.
A. 2 mandibulis serratis; ocellis tribus; stomacho hemispheerico, transverso ; vesica spheerica, minore ; corpusculis tremulis filo con- tortuplicato affixis; ovario subgloboso. Long. cir. 7; unc.— 6 corpore acuto. Long. ;4, unc.
Hab. Serpentine River, Kensington Gardens.
The name alludes to the notched edge of the jaw ; 7rpiw, serro, dd0vs, dens. 3. Asplanchna Bowesit. A. 2 mandibulis edentulis ; stomacho ovali, longitudinali; vesica lo- bata, majore ; [corpusculis tremulis non observatis ;] ovario bicor-
nuto. Long. cir. J; unc.—[ ¢ non vidi. ] Hab. Walthamstow.
This species I have named in honour of the esteemed relative to whom I owe my acquaintance with it.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. ann II.
Puate I.
a. Female ; lateral aspect ; right side. The head is expanded; the crop 1s distended in the act of engulfing prey, two Chilomonads. A similar animalcule is seen on the point of entering the sacculated stomach. The contractile bladder is seen near the vagina, con- tracted. The ovisac is empty and wrinkled ; lying in front of the
a4 Mr. P. H. Gosse on Asplanchna priodonta.
ovary. To avoid confusion, the tortuous threads, with the tre- mulous tags and the muscles, shown, are those of one side only.
6. Female: vertical aspect of the head. The upper side is the occiput, where are seen the two incurved lobes, the small antenne, and (more forward) the lateral eyes. In front are the two conical masses, and between them, but on a lower level, the forceps-like jaws, with their cushion, pointing towards the pharyngeal tube, which is furnished with an eye near its margin.
c. The jaws, seen vertically, under pressure. The delicate serratures on the edges, the two terminal points, and the accessory uncini are shown. ;
d. The jaws seen laterally. The serratures are cut in the upper edge, which seems to project inwardly. The terminal points are unequal, the upper being the longer. The uncini are attached to the lower edge. F
e. Male: dorsal aspect.
Ff. Idem: lateral aspect; right side. The globular organ near the lower
part is the sperm-sac, with a short bifid penis below it; the pre- putial sheath opens near the pointed extremity of the body. Above the sperm-sac a granulated organ is seen extending from it to the front of the head. Muscular threads, both longitudinal and transverse, are seen, as is also one of the tortuous glands, like a thickened cord. The pharyngeal eye and one lateral eye are represented. :
Puate II.
h. Female: left side. The head is retracted; the crop is corrugated in its ordinary condition of repose: the bladder is distended : there is a developmg ovum in the ovisac, which has several conspicuous oil- globules. One of the dorsal and one of the ventral orifices are well seen. Some of the organs represented in @. are not repeated here.
i. Female: dorsal aspect. The head expanded; the cilia rotating; the pharyngeal tube, with its eye, the jaws lying on their cushion, and the crop beneath, are seen; below which is the long, tubular, very expansible stomach, with its two pancreatic glands, terminating in a wide sacculate portion. (Perhaps the latter might be pro- perly considered as an intestine.) On each side is the tortuous gland, and the developing ovum is shown below all. The powerful muscular bands that retract the head, the subordmate muscular threads, and the transverse threads are well seen; as are the ex- tremely delicate floating filaments of nervous (?) matter, with their numerous ganglia.
P.S. Since the above was written, I had the pleasure of finding, on the 80th of May, A. Brightwelli very numerous in several of the little pools on Hampstead Heath. Volvox globator, Dino- charis tetractis, Anurea serrulata, and other interesting forms were found with them. The females of the Asplanchna were much more numerous than the males, perhaps in the ratio of a hundred to one. I gladly bear testimony to the accuracy of Mr. Dalrymple’s anatomical figures of this species.—P. H. G.
Mr. T. R. Jones on some fossil Entomostraca. 25
III.—Deseription of the Entomostraca of the Pleistocene Beds of Newbury, Copford, Clacton, and Grays. By T. Rurrrr
Jonzs, Esq. : [With a Plate. ]
Tue history of the recent British Entomostraca has lately been completed by Dr. Baird, and the Entomostraca of the “ Carbo- niferous,” “ Permian,” and ‘ Cretaceous ” formations of Britain have been described by Mr. M‘Coy and myself: some progress has thereby been made towards the completion of a general history of the British Entomostraca, recent and fossil. Still however a great proportion of the fossil species remain unde- scribed, and the following account of the pleistocene Entomo- straca is intended as a contribution towards the filling up of this deficiency.
Family Cypripipz, Baird (Brit. Entom. p. 14).
Entomostracous crustaceans, minute, aquatic ; animal inclosed in a bivalved carapace.
1. Genus Cypris, Miiller.
Gen. Char. Animal swimming, provided with two pairs of plumed antennz, and two pairs of feet. Inhabiting fresh-water.
1. Cypris setigera, nobis. Length jy inch. PI. IIT. fig. 3a, d, c.
Carapace ovate, somewhat pear-shaped. Valves convex ; ellip- tical on the dorsal and nearly straight on the ventral border ; narrower and slightly flatter anteriorly ; covered with fine spines ; bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by narrow, rounded, marginal ridges. Right valve narrower, straighter on the dorsal, and more meurved on the ventral margin than the left valve.
Dorsal aspect acute-oval ; anterior oval.
This species approaches Cypris aurantia, Jurine (Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 159. n. 15. tab. 19. fig. 13); but it differs from it in being smaller and less gibbous, and in having spines, anterior marginal ridge, and a perfectly different pattern of lucid spots.
Plentiful in the peat-beds of Newbury, Berks.
2. Cypris Browniana, nobis. Length 7, inch. PI. III. fig. 1a, b, cfd.
Carapace short and broad, somewhat square. Valves convex, depressed anteriorly, smooth. Left valve subquadrangular, ob- liquely rounded anteriorly, semicircular posteriorly ; slightly arched on the dorsal and ventral borders. Right valve smaller than the left, subreniform.
Dorsal aspect elongate-oval ; anterior obtusely ovate.
26 Mr. T. R. Jones on some fossil Entomostraca.
Plentiful in the freshwater deposit at Clacton, Essex. This species is named after John Brown, Hsq., F.G.S. of Stanway, to whom I am indebted for the use of an interesting series of Ento- mostraca collected by him from the Clacton beds.
3. Cypris tumida, nobis. Length 3, inch. PI. III. fig. 2a, 5, ¢.
Caparace tumid, rounded. Valves strongly convex, especially on the posterior third ; rounded obliquely anteriorly, semicircular posteriorly ; strongly arched on the dorsal, and nearly straight on the ventral border.
Dorsal aspect suboblong, elongate-obtuse-ovate.
Rather rare: at Grays, Essex.
For this and the other species from Grays and Copford I am indebted to Mr. Pickering of Thames Street.
4. Cypris gibba, Ramdohr. Mag. Gesellsch. Naturf. Berlin, t. ii. fig. 13-17. Length 7, inch. PI. III. fig. 4a, d, ¢.
Syn. Cypris biplicata, Koch, Deutsch. Crust. H. 21. t.16,1838.
Carapace oblong. Valves rather depressed ; impressed with closely-set, circular punctations ; rounded anteriorly and poste- riorly ; incurved at the middle of the ventral border; deeply marked across the centre by an irregular sulcus or two parallel sulci, strongest towards the dorsal border. The extremities of the recent carapace are fringed with fine hairs. Right valve some- what smaller than the left.
Dorsal aspect elongate-oval or lanceolate ; anterior ovate.
Occurs in the deposits of Clacton and Grays. Common ina recent state: Regent’s Park, Notting Hill, Charing.—T. R. J.
2. Genus Cannona, Baird.
Gen. Char. Animal creeping, provided with two pairs of antenne, upper pair plumed, lower pair hooked ; and two pair of feet. Inhabiting fresh and brackish water.
1. Candona lucens, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 160. n. 1. tab. 19. fig. 1. Length ~, inch. PI. III. fig. 8 a, 4, c.
Carapace somewhat reniform in the adult state, elliptical when young. Valves convex, smooth, white and shining; arched on the dorsal, sinuated on the ventral border. Hztremities narrow, rounded ; the posterior widest and produced obliquely downwards. The recent shell is hairy at the margins of the extremities.
Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-oval ; anterior acute-ovate.
Common both in the recent state and in the deposits of New- bury, Copford, Clacton, and Grays.
Mr. T. R. Jones on some fossil Entomostraca. 27
2. Candona reptans, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 160. n. 2.tab. 19. fig. 3,3a. Length 3 inch. PI. III. fig. 7a, b,c.
Carapace oblong. Valves convex, glabrous, and in the recent state green, and fringed at the extremities with hairs; nearly straight on the dorsal, slightly sinuated on the ventral border ; rounded posteriorly, and obliquely rounded anteriorly ; anterior extremity slightly narrower and flatter than the posterior.
Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-oval ; anterior suborbicular.
Common in the recent state. Fossil at Newbury, Clacton, and Grays : not rare.
3. Candona torosa, nobis. Length ,4, inch. PI. III. fig. 6 a, b,c, d, e.
Carapace oblong, varying in length according to age. Valves convex; bearing a marginal ridge at the anterior extremity ; bounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; straight on the ventral and more or less arched on the dorsal border according to age, espe- cially the right valve, which is smaller than the left and narrower posteriorly. The surface of valves is marked with closely-set pittings, coarse in the older specimens, and is raised in adult specimens into 5-7 tubercles. Young specimens in general have the surface almost even, or marked by a slight transverse sulcus near the centre and just posterior to the ducid spots, which indi- cate the position of the first-developed tubercle ; 3-4 tubercles on the posterior moiety of the valve, and 1-3 smaller anteriorly become apparent afterwards. Occasionally well-developed tuber- cles are present even in very young specimens ; and on the other hand individuals reach their full growth without being marked with more than one anterior tubercle.
The hinge is considerably developed, the hinge-margin of the right valve bearing anterior and posterior sets of “ knurlings,” which are received into corresponding furrows on the hinge- margin of the opposite valve.
Dorsal aspect irregular acute oval; anterior somewhat hexa- gonal.,
This well-marked species occurs abundantly at Grays, and is also plentiful in a living state in the Gravesend ditches. I have to acknowledge Mr. Pickering’s kindness im favouring me with the recent specimens of this interesting species.
3. Genus Cytuere, Miiller.
Gen. Char. Animal creeping ; provided with two pairs of an- tenne,—upper pair simple and setiferous, /ower pair furnished with a long filament,—and three pairs of feet. Inhabiting fresh and salt water.
28 Mr. T. R. Jones on some fossil Entomostraca.
1. ?Cythere trigonalis, nobis. Length 7; inch. Pl. III. fig.5a,,¢.
Carapace-valve triangular, convex, finely punctated ; extremities obliquely rounded ; the anterior much broader than the posterior extremity ; ventral border nearly straight ; dorsal border angular. Hinge-margin oblique and slightly developed. Right valve uar- rower than the left. Dorsal aspect acute-oval.
A unique specimen of this interesting form occurs at Clacton, and is identical with an undescribed recent species from Pegwell Bay, except that the latter has teeth or blunt spines on the an- terior and posterior margins, as is usual with the genus Cythere.
A smooth form, var. /evis, which occurs plentifully at Grays, differs from the Clacton specimen merely in the want of pittings.
Cythere trigonalis approaches distantly in form some old spe- cimens of Cypris tristriata, and it more nearly resembles Cythere Hilseana of the cretaceous formation, but differs materially from. both in the structure of its hinge. fi
P.S. In a paper lately read before the Geological Society, Mr. W. J. Hamilton notices the occurrence of an extensive deposit of freshwater marl in the Cambridgeshire Fens, in which, in com- pany with still existing land and freshwater mollusks, the follow- ing Entomostraca occur :
Cypris minuta, Baird.* Candona lucens, Baird. — setigera, nobis. — reptans, Baird. — gibba, Ramdohr.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Cypris Browniana + 16: a, left valve; 6, right valve; ec, dorsal profile of both valves ; d, anterior profile of both valves. 2. Cypris tumida + 16: a, left valve; 6, dorsal profile of both valves ; c, anterior profile of both valves. 3. Cypris setigera + 16: a, right valve; 6, dorsal profile of both valves ; c, anterior profile of both valves. Fig. 4. Cypris gibba + 16: a, left valve ; 6, dorsal profile of both valves ; 5 6
Fig. Fig.
c, anterior profile of both valves.
Fig. 5. Cythere trigonalis + 8: a, left valve; 6, dorsal profile of both valves; c, anterior profile of both valves.
}. Candona torosa + 16: a, left valve, young; 8, left valve, adult ; ce, right valve, adult ; d, dorsal profile of both valves, adult ; e, an- terior profile of both valves, adult.
Fig. 7. Candona reptans +8: a, left valve; 6, dorsal profile of both valves ;
ce, anterior profile of both valves.
Fig. 8. Candona lucens + 8: a, left valve ; 6, dorsal profile of both valves ;
ec, anterior profile of both valves.
Fig.
N.B. The carapace-valves and the dorsal profiles are figured with the ante- rior extremity upwards; and in the anterior profiles the dorsal margins are uppermost.
* Brit. Entom. p. 155, n. 6. tab. 18. figs. 7, 8.
Mr. W. Clark on the Lacune. 29
1V.— Observations on the Lacune. By Witi1am Cxrark, Esq. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History.
GENTLEMEN, Norfolk Crescent, Bath, May 1850.
I MENTIONED in my paper on the Littorinide in the May ‘ An- nals,’ 1850, that I was preparing a memoir on that branch of the family which is termed Lacuna, and that I had reserved the description of the Littorina littoralis as a standard of comparison with its animals: | also stated my opinion, that they ought to merge in Littorina as species. I now present notes thereon,
which I beg may be considered the sequence and termination of my former paper, and which, with the addenda, will render it nearly complete. The present observations are the result of an examination and comparison of many living examples of the Lit- torina littoralis and the Lacuna pallidula of authors, which latter species, with me, will now be the type of a section of the Litto- ring, as I am confirmed in my views that the genus Lacuna is superfluous, and its species ought to pass to Littorina. My re- marks embrace the Littorina vineta, ““puteolus” and “ erassior,” which, with the L. pallidula, include all the varieties of the Lacune of authors. Iam inclined to think I have named more species than really exist, and that they may be reduced to three, the “crassior”’? being considered, when denuded of the epidermal laminee, a strong, elongated, smooth, plain light brown subcari- nated variety of that variety termed “ guadrifasciata,” which I have seen with the same oblique epidermal lamine ; but as the animal of the “ crassior”’ has not been observed, this view cannot be received as certain. Though I have only examined the L.
pallidula, I have little doubt that in all essentials the other spe- cies called Lacune agree with this type of a section of the Lit- toring, making allowance for the variation of species. I have
given ‘copious notes of the L. littoralis in comparison with the Littorina pallidula, mihi, and leave it to malacologists to draw their own conclusions, reserving to ma ynel as a finale, a short comparative summary.
Littorina littoralis, Linneeus.
Animal spiral ; mantle pale yellow, fleshy, but even with the margin of the aperture ; the head is a cylindrical wrinkled muzzle capable of considerable extension, usually pale red on the neck, but the colours are very variable in this species, being yellow, orange, red-brown, and occasionally all the hues of lead-colour to nearly black ; the under part of the foot is always white or yellow-white ; ihe, bueeall diske 1s pale yellow, subcireular, with a
30 Mr. W. Clark on the Lacune.
vertical fissure, within which the white ribbon-like spmy tongue is seen at its alternate opening and closing ; it is when extracted nearly an inch long, and the anterior folded jaws are supported by the usual corneous plates and buccal apparatus. The tenta- cula are pale yellow-brown, each having two fine longitudinal lead-colour lines running laterally from base to point, long, setose, conically tapering to not a very fine point; eyes small, on short offsets at the external bases. Foot at rest subcircular, in action an elongated oval, well rounded in front and behind, constricted moderately at the anterior third of the length, the other two-thirds margined with light drab opake transverse flakes, posteriorly puckered or jagged, with a central longitudinal depressed line. The anterior part of the pedal disk forms a ter~ minal arcuated channel, which gives that part of the foot the aspect of having a narrow upper lobe separated from the pedal disk forming a pair of narrow labia ; the upper posterior portion of the operculigerous membrane in this species is very slightly laterally expanded, and though not emarginate with caudal ap- pendages, as in Littorina pallidula, is often sinuated and some- times finely cloven ; the operculum is nearly the shape of a ver- tical section of a pear, brown horn-colour; nucleus sublateral, leaning on the columella, with about 21 gyrations, the last of which: rapidly coalesces with the outer margin of the plate. The animal has the true alternate undulatory longitudinal characteristic progression of the Littorine. The neck is sim- ple, without lobes. The branchial plume is single on the left side with 35-40 or more very fine long close-set pectinations, many of which in certain positions of the animal may be seen under the mantle without dissection. The orifice of the anus and the canal of the sac of viscosity are seen on the right side ; in the female the matrix and its orifice, with the anterior part of the ovary, and in the male, the verge. The fecal pellets are pale red and exactly oviform: I mention this point, as I have sometimes found it a good distinctive aid. I have mentioned rather more than can be seen without dissection ; and I will only enter so far on the anatomy of this species, as to observe, that [ have carefully compared numerous specimens of the L. littorea, L. pallidula and L. littoralis, and I can pronounce all the imternal organs, including the cesophageal ganglia, absolutely identical, allowing for the modifications of colour in the different species. The male organe générateur supplies the position of the matrix in the female, and the testis that of the ovary ; the former springs under the right tentaculum, and is composed of two portions, the basal one being a tumid, annulated or ridged figure, dentated exteriorly, with the minute orifice at the external angle; the
My. W. Clark on the Lacune. 31
other angle is produced into a yellow, conical, arcuated, pointed, rather long process, the only use of which would appear to be that of an organe excitateur.
Lacuna, Turton. Nerita pallidula, Da Costa. Littorina pallidula, mihi.
Animal spiral, nearly white throughout ; mantle simple, tumid at the margin, but even with the aperture of the shell ; the head is a cylindrical produced annulated muzzle ; the upper part of the neck has two short flake-white diverging lines imbedded in the ground colour ; the disk is transversely oval with a vertical fissure, within which the white spiny tongue can be seen in action. The .tentacula are long, setose, and taper conically to their termini, with rather small eyes raised on short external offsets. The foot is always white below, pale drab or yellowish white, or white, above, of oval shape in quietude, when on the march oval-elon- gated, rounded anteally and posteally, with occasionally slight emarginations behind, very considerably contracted at the ante- rior third of the length, with a pale flaky border ; the other two- thirds have an intense flake-white margin. There is the central longitudinal fissure or groove that gives the animal the undu- latory quality of progression, by alternate halves of the foot, which action is the principal generic characteristic of the true Littoring. The thin upper membrane that bears the operculum extends nearly to the junction of the foot with the body ; the anterior terminus of the foot is slightly grooved, forming a sort of upper and under lobe or pair of shallow labia; the opercu- ligerous lobe is expanded laterally beyond the pedal limits into minute wing-like processes, and at the terminal point is sub- circularly scalloped out ; the lateral margins forming usually two, sometimes three or four very short, white, caudal fillets of dif- ferent lengths, variously shaped, but usually compressed and shghtly triangular; these are occasionally in the same species either rudimentary or quite obsolete. The single light brown respiratory plume can in certain positions of the animal be ob- served branching from left to right; it has 35-45 or more long, slender pectinations ; also there may be seen, without dissection, the short white termination of the rectum, accompanied by the excretory canal of the sac that contains the viscous fluid. The neck of the animal is simple and free from membranous lappets, as are all the Littorine. The fecal pellets are elongated, slender, subcylindrical, having the apices tipped with a dark hue. The
32 Mr. W. Clark on the Lacune.
-verge is a long, simple, arcuated, flattish, pale yellow process, re- gularly tapering from its insertion under the right tentaculum to a fine point. The operculum is pale horn-colour, subelliptic ; nucleus excentric, sublateral, abutting on the columella, with 23 volutions, the last of which rapidly unites with the margin. We repeat the remark on the internal organs of the Littorina lhito- ralis, in comparison with this species, that they are identical.
I conclude this portion of my paper by a few comparative ob- servations. Malacologists will observe that in the two species the internal and external organs are essentially the same; the only variations are, that im Littorina pallidula, the caudal fila- ments, the expansions of the operculigerous lobe and the form of the organe générateur, are not precisely similar to the parts in L. littoralis ; the former are very variable specialties and can- not be depended on: ea. gr. the Lacuna puteolus of authors is without caudal processes, or at least they are obsolete ; the same observation may be made of the Rissoe, no two animals of the same species being similar in respect of caudal accessories, and many are without them. The male organs of the two undoubt- edly vary in structure ; the groove or lacuna in the pillar, from whence the generic title, is a mere modification of the umbilicus, which, from its variableness, is not of specific value, and is quite misapplied to generic determination. All the variations we have mentioned are specialties of slight consideration, which cannot be put in competition with the essential generic characters of the foot, and its singular plan of locomotion, which stamp the so-called Lacune of authors as genuine members of the genus Littorina.
Addenda to the memoir on the Littormide, page 352 of the May * Annals,’ 1850.
Littorina littorea.
The pectinations of the branchial plume of nearly all the Lit- toring, instead of being 16-20, vary from 45-60 ; they are pale brown, long, slender and close-set ; an examination under the microscope sanctions this correction. Having repeated, this 20th of May, a series of fresh observations on some hundreds of the Littorina rudis in comparison with the L. tenebrosa and L. jugosa of authors, I am authorized to say, that the identity in figure and action of their internal and external organs has further satisfied me of the propriety of regarding them as varieties of the ‘L.rudis ; the only differences are colour and size, resulting from the various complicated incidents attached to habitat. I omitted to observe that the Littorine are destitute of head and neck
Mr. W. Clark on the Lacune. 33
lappets, and that the operculigerous lobe is small, simple, and not co-extensive with its organ.
Rissoa ulve.
Having repeated the examination of two of the varieties of R. ulve found at Exmouth, the one having a pale horn-colour shell with flat volutions, the other tumid and red-brown, with the animal rather larger and of a darker lead-colour than the former, I am enabled to state, that I cannot discover the slightest organic difference between the two, and their action and habitudes are identical ; the variation arises from habitat ; the one, the pale variety, is found lurking under stones, the other exposed in the open patches of the green oozes of the estuary. The shells are so different in aspect, that the conchologist would pronounce them distinct, but malacology steps in, and offers a practical example of the superiority of its attributes by showing the two to be identical. Both the varieties have the under part of the foot aspersed with sulphur-yellow, opake, minute flakes. The operculigerous lobe fully covers that organ, and extends a little on each side, beyond the pedal disk, or forms what by some are called minute wings. The foot is perfectly rounded behind, and in almost all specimens more or less emarginate, though in some scarcely visible, in others decidedly so at several points of the arcuation ; it is truncate and well auricled in front, without a medial line. There is invariably a very short cylindrical process or fillet exserted from that part of the mantle which lines the anal canal or upper angle of the aperture. I am unable to say anything as to its use: whether such an appendage exists in other minute congeneric species, and from its minuteness has passed without observation, must be left for future examination. I consider this species a Rissoa: though it has not the decided caudal filament, and pointed pedal termination of the typical Rissoe, we must not forget that there are some Rissoe with rounded tails and rudi- mentary or obsolete posterior terminations.
Rissoa parva.
To my string of varieties attached as synonyms to this species, I beg to add all those of the R. inconspicua ; and I believe the R. labiosa of authors is only an elongated variety of it, as the former is a dwarf one, the “parva” of the coralline zone; the other is the “ parva” of the highest parts of the littoral zone. We thus see the one is rendered dwarf by the absence of light, green food, and depth of water; the other having all these advantages, shows their effects in a more exuberant animality.
I beg that the R. scalariformis attached as a synonym to R,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. vi.
34. Mr. W. Clark on the Lacune.
parva in the May ‘ Annals,’ 1850, page 359, by mistake, may be considered as cancelled, as well as the parts of lines 39 and 40 now quoted : “ The R. scalariformis has the plicee more numerous, white and delicate.” I am, Gentlemen, your most obedient servant, WixiraM Crark.
Exmouth, June 17th, 1850.
Postscriet.—Since the above was in type, I have reviewed at-this place, in a living state, all the Lacune of authors, except the “crassior,’ and I think I am authorized to be still more “tenax propositi,” that they are a section of the genus Littorina, and cannot be severed from it without violence to true generic value. I find them all with variable excrescences of the opercu- ligerous lobe of the foot ; the Lacuna puteolus, which is a distinct species, has the lateral appendages large, but the caudal filaments very short and often obsolete; the L. pallidula has the lateral wing-like extensions, with 2-4 very short caudal fillets; the “ quadrifasciata,” a variety of the “vincta,” besides the acces- sories of the “ pallidula,” has a very short style at the central posterior point of the pedal disc; the “ crassior”? I have men- tioned above. The Lacuna fasciata of authors is referable to the L. vincta, and not to the L. puteolus.
It appears very doubtful if these alated lateral extensions and caudal filaments are of much generic value, from their variableness im many species and almost total absence in others ; I think that they may be considered as analogous to the variation of certain organs in other animals; we may observe that the caudal appen- dage of the dog, even when unmutilated, are very variable ; con- trast the greyhound with the setter, terrier, bull or shepherd’s dog : but surely no one will contend that the variations in these points, either in the molluscum or the dog, have generic value ; if any of these animals were without caudal terminations and operculigerous lobes, that circumstance might contribute to esta- blish generic value; but I speak with reserve on this point, be- cause in Pleurotoma, malacologists do not separate the species with operculigerous lobes from those which have none, as the P. septangulare with a decided operculum, and P. Ginnanianum without a trace of one, are styled Pleurotomata ; here the total absence or presence of opercula has not hitherto been held of importance in a generic point of view, @ fortiori ; mere variations of these organs can be, in this respect, of little value. The points of support, then, for the establishment of the genus Lacuna, rest on the lateral and caudal variations of the operculigerous lobes of the foot, some difference in the organe générateur and in the lacuna or groove in the columella of the shell, which is merely
a i et
Mr. J. Miers on the genus Scopolia. 35
an incomplete umbilicus that is very conspicuous in some spe- cies, in others almost closed up, and often in the same species, the Puteoli, it is sometimes apparent, and frequently scarcely visible ; im all other respects these Lacune are similar to the Littorine. In opposition to these pretensions, I repeat, that all the so-called Lacune have invariably the form of the pedal disc of the Litto- ring, accompanied by the overwhelming characteristic vermicular alternate quality of progression which is almost exclusively con- fined to that genus, and which must, as I think, fix the Lacune of authors for ever as one of its sections.
With regard to the aid derived from the tongues of the Gas- teropoda for generic or specific distinction, I am inclined to think its importance overrated, because no two species of the same genus have a precisely similar disposition of the rachis, uncini, and arrangement of the spines and interweavings of the lingual riband : this fact sets at rest generic views ; the tongues, at best, are of mere specific value: I have examined hundreds, and can make nothing of them that can at all be depended on, from their extreme variable structures. The tongues of great numbers of the minor species cannot without extreme difficulty be obtained by the scalpel, they can only be detected after maceration and compression under a powerful microscope, and the comparison of these minute species is attended with difficulties and very unsa- tisfactory results. The ootheca of the mollusca may be useful in comparison, if they can be obtained and identified to belong to certain species.
I conclude, and insist on the foregoing positions in the paper and postscript, with as much tenacity as courtesy will allow to the phrase ; I cannot even consent that the Lacune be considered a subgenus of the Lttorine ; 1 think the term subgenus an unsa- tisfactory and hybrid expedient, to attempt to express an inter- mediate state that does not exist ; with me subgenera are resolved either into distinct species or genera. If I might consider that those who use the term subgenus mean to define it as an aggre- gation of particular or aberrant species of a distinct genus, I would accept the definition, but not the term, which ought to be sec- tion, as that of subgenus seems to imply something beyond divi- sional arrangement.—W. C.
V.—On Scopolia, Anisodus and Mandragora. By Joun Mrurs, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.
Scopo.ia.
A sINGLE species only of this genus is recorded, and it seems to possess a considerable range, for it is found in Illyria, Croatia, 3%
36 Mr. J. Miers on the genus Scopolia.
and the southern portions of Hungary: although thus frequent, it cannot have attracted the notice of botanists, for I have not been able to find in any herbarium, sufficiently satisfactory spe- cimens from which a careful analysis of its characters could be made. A small plant raised in Kew Gardens has, however, afforded the means of examining its flower in a living state, but I was disappointed in watching the development of its fruit, as it seems to require a more genial climate than ours, at the early season in which it appears, to perfect its capsule: every search in different herbaria for a specimen of its fruit has proved un- successful. A very good analysis of the genus is seen in Nees’s ‘Gen. Pl. Germ.,’ but this does not explain the structural forma- tion of its fruit. I have pointed out the existence of the curious apical gland covering the upper moiety of the ovarium in Hyo- scyamus, as the cause of the transverse opening of its capsule ; that of Physochlena appears to originate from a similar cause, only in a more modified degree. In Scopolia there is seen a slight thickening of the upper portion of the ovarium, as in the last-mentioned genera, and at the same time it 1s supported by a thick fleshy basal gland as in Physochlena. In Hyoscyamus the operculum is hard, thick, osseous and hemispherical; in Physochlena it is flat and discoid : it remains to be seen therefore in what state this exists im Scopolia. From the indications offered by dried specimens farther advanced towards maturity than the living flowers above alluded to, it appears to resemble the structure of the last-mentioned genus. Unable to examine the fruit of Scopolia, I have copied, in the following generic out- line, the characters of the capsule and seed, entirely from Nees’s description and figure above quoted.
Scoporia, Jacq. (char. emend.).—Calye# turbinato-campanulatus breviter 5-dentatus, persistens. Corolla infundibuliformi- campanulata, 15-nervis, limbi fere integri lobis 5, brevissimis, obtusiusculis, equalibus, zstivatione tubo subplicato, lobis imbricatim dispositis. Stamina 5, equalia, melusa, imo tubi orta; filamenta brevia, basi dilatata et pilosula, superne teretia, glabra; anthere ovate, connectivo dorsali articulatim affixe, imo cordate, 2-loculares, loculis adnatis, rima marginali de- hiscentibus. Ovarium conicum, disco carnoso 5-lobo basi cinctum, 2-loculare, ovulis plurimis, placentis valde incrassatis dissepimento utrinque adnatis. Stylus erectus, longitudine staminum. Stigma capitatum, obsolete bilobum. Capsula subgloboso-turbinata, coriacea, calyce membranaceo persistente inclusa, 2-locularis, apice operculatim dehiscens. Semzna plu- rima, placentis crassis affixa, ovoidea, reniformia, ¢esta gra- nulosa, hilo laterali. Hmbryo teres, intra albumen subcarno-
Mr. J. Miers on the genus Anisodus. 37
sum hamato-arcuatus, radicula paulo incurvata, ad angulum basalem spectante, cotyledonibus hemicyclicis semiteretibus eequilonga.—Herba in Europe orientalis alpinis indigena, gla- berrima, radice perennante ; folia gemina, altero minori, elliptica, acuta, in petiolum longum attenuata; flores solitarii, longe pe- dunculati, penduli, inter foliorum paria orti; corolla luride aurantiaco-purpurea.
1. Scopolia carnoliaca, Jacq. Observ. 1. 32. tab. 20. Scopolina atropoides, Schult. distr. Fl. i. 844. Hyoscyamus Scopolia, Linn. Mant. pl. 46; St. Hil. Fl. Fr. 20. tab. 6; Bot. Mag. tab. 126; Nees, Gen. Pl. Germ. cum icone ;—foliis oblongis, acuminatis, basi attenuatis et in petiolum longum crassum de- eurrentibus, inferioribus alternis, caulinis geminis, rarius 3-nis, flore solitario pendulo. In sylvis Illyrize et Hungarie.
ANISODUS.
In noticing this genus (Aw. oper. ii. 166), I had arranged it near Atropa, on account of the analogy offered by the structure of the corolla in that genus, and of the apparently fleshy peri- carpial covering of its immature fruit ; since that period I have had an opportunity of examining its ripened capsule, and now find that it must take its place among the Hyoscyamee, after Thinogeton, and thus bordering upon Atropa. The ovarium is small, conical, and half invested below by a very thick fleshy yellow disc ; its apical gland, in the young state, is not so strongly developed as in Hyoscyamus, though it is distinctly visible, and may be considered, in like manner, as an extension of the base of the style: as the process of fructification advances, the basal disc disappears, and the lower portion of the ovarium takes a rapid increment both in length and diameter, and the pericarpial covering becomes more and more attenuated, until at length it forms a thin and brittle shell, composed of a loosely cohering epi- carpial and an endocarpial pellicular integument with a thin semi- igneous mesocarpial intervening plate: the opercular apex is smaller, in proportion, than in Hyoscyamus, flatter, thick and coriaceous, somewhat 4-lobed, and bursts away from the lower shell by a ruptured circumscissile line of dehiscence, as in the genus last mentioned. The border of the corolla is not plicate, as stated by Endlicher and other authors, but on the contrary, distinctly imbricate in estivation. The followmg may be con- sidered as an outline of its generic features.
Antsopus, Link. (Char. reform.).—Calya magnus, tubulosus, infra medium subinflatus, 10-costatus, 5-dentatus, dentibus brevibus, inzequalibus, obtusis, persistens, in fructu non au-
38 Mr. J. Miers on the genus Anisodus.
gescens. Corolla campanulato-tubulosa, imo contracta, medio mflata, tubo carnosulocalycis longitudine, limbo brevi 5-partito, lobis rotundatis, reflexis, tenuioribus, uno majusculo im ala- bastro interiore, zestivatione omnino imbricativa. Stamine 5, equalia, inclusa, erecta ; filamenta teretia, basi dilatata, imo tubi inserta. in alabastro pubescentia, demum glabra ; anthere oblonge, imo cordate, sinu apicifixee, 2-loculares, loculis parallele connatis, intus longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ova- rium conicum, imo disco magno earnoso plurisulcato eircum- datum, 2-loculare, placentis valde incrassatis, pluri-ovulatis, dissepimento utrinque adnatis. Stylus teres, longitudine sta- minum. Stigma clavato-bilobum, subcompressum. Capsula ovata, subcoriacea, fragilis, 2-locularis, calyce reticulato 10-cos- tato recondita, apice horizontaliter ruptilis, operculo deciduo, subplano, sub-4-lobo, crasso-coriaceo. Semina plurima, reni- formia, compressa, festa leviter punctulata. Embryo intra albumen carnosum hamato-arcuatus, teres, radicula paulo cur- vata, angulo basali spectante, cotyledonibus semiteretibus un- catis equilonga.—Herba Nepalensis, radice perennante, folia oblonga, geminata, altero minort, petiolata; flores solitaria, axillares, nutantes.
1. Anisodus luridus, Link, Icon. Select. PI. Ber. 77; Nees, Linn. Trans. xvn. 72. Nicandra anomala, Link & Otto, loc. cit. tab. 85. Whitleya stramonifolia, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii. tab. 125. Physalis stramonifolia, Wall. Cat. 2632 et in Roxb. Fil. Ind. 1. 242 ;—herba elata, dichotome ramosa; foliis oblongis, utrinque acutis, basi subimequalibus, supra glabris, subtus flavidis, floccoso-tomentosis, petiolo crassiusculo; flore nutante, pedunculo pubescente, petioli longitudine, calycis tubo 10-an- gulato, angulis costatis, pilis articulatis pubescentibus ; corolla viridi-lutea, demum lurido-purpurascente.—Nepal, v. s. in herb. Wall., in herb. Hook., et v. v. in hort. Kew. cult.
This plant is cultivated in the Kew Gardens, where it assumes a shrubby appearance, about 5 or 6 feet high, with large and copious foliage: its stems are annual, appearing each spring from its large perennial root. The leaves are about 7 inches long and 33 inches broad, on a fleshy channeled petiole of about 1 inch in length, the geminate leaf being about half that size. The peduncle also, 1 inch long, springs from the interval between the two petioles. The ealyx is somewhat fleshy in texture, sub- angular, with ten prominent pubescent nervures, and with inter- mediate reticulations ; it is campanular below, broadly tubular and somewhat cylindrical above, about 1 inch in length and nearly an inch in diameter, being surmounted by five broad triangular teeth of unequal{size, and from 1 to 4 lines in length.
Mr. J. Miers on the genus Mandragora. 39
The corolla is of fleshy texture, about an inch long, 9 lines in diameter at the mouth, and somewhat broader in the middle, being contracted at the base to a diameter of 4 lines ; it is smooth outside and woolly within; the lobes of the border are quite glabrous, nearly round, and reflexed, the margins overlapping each other ; they are of much thinner texture, and in estivation the larger lobe is altogether interior, the adjoining one being generally exterior, while the intermediate lobes are convolutely imbricated ; the filaments are quite erect, 9 lines long, terete above, much flattened below, and inserted in the contracted base of the tube; they are pubescent in bud, quite smooth after the flower opens, the anthers being 3 lines long and 1} line broad. The ovarium is 4 lines long, conical, 3 lines broad at base, where it is encircled by a large yellow fleshy 10-grooved disc, 4 or 5 lines in diameter. The capsule is oval, smooth, somewhat stipitate upon the withered disc, is 10 lines long, 7 lines in dia- meter, with a coriaceous operculum and a large fleshy coriaceous honeycombed receptacle bearing many flattened reniform seeds, of about a line in diameter. The ten nerves of the persistent calyx become thickened, hard, and woody, the intermediate por- tion of the tube being dried and reticulated, almost cancellately so. I observed that the style falls away on the withering of the corolla, and is not mucronately persistent on the berry, as stated by Nees and Endlicher. I noticed also in the living flower the constant character of two or three processes at irregular distances, white, fleshy, compressed, linear, pointed, and two or three lines long, between the calyx and corolla, and originating apparently from the base of the former. I have not been able to meet with any native specimen of this plant by which to ascertain whether this be as constant a feature as that observed in a cultivated state*. MANDRAGORA.
This genus, though differmg widely from Aéropa in habit, greatly resembles it in the form of its calyx and corolla, and the structure of its fruit: as in Atropa, the lobes of its corolla possess an imbricated estivation. The following is an amended generic character :—
Manpracora, Tournef. (Char. emend.).—Calyz urceolato-tubu- losus, 5-angularis, laciniis 5, lineari-acutis, nervo prominulo notatis, erectis, tubo fere duplo longioribus, m fructu auges- cens et persistens. Corolla infundibuliformis, limbo 5-partito, laciniis subrotundatis, expansis, stivatione imbricatis. Sta- mina 5, sub-sequalia, inclusa ; filamenta infra medium corolle.
* Full generic details of this genus will be shown in a supplementary plate of the 2nd vol. of the ‘ Illustr. South Amer. Plants.’
40 Mr. J. Miers on the genus Mandragora.
inserta, imo fornicata, crassiora et pubescentia, superne fili- formia, glabra ; anthere erecte, oblong, cordatz, apice atte- nuatz, connectivo dorsali imo affix, 2-lobe, lobis parallele adnatis, antice rima longitudinali dehiscentibus. Ovarium ovatum, disco parvo carnoso lobulis 2 prominentibus dissepi- mento oppositis insitum, 2-loculare, placentis valde incrassatis dissepimento utrinque adunatis, multi-ovulatis. Stylus fili- formis, apice inflexus. Stigma clavato-bilobum. Bacca magna, calyce aucto membranaceo suffulta, 2-locularis. Semina plu- rima in pulpam nidulantia, reniformia. Hmbryo teres, in al- bumen carnosum hemicyclico-arcuatus, cotyledonibus semite- retibus, radicula hilo basali spectante fere duplo longioribus.— Herb perennes in Europa Australi indigene, acaules, radice crassa, carnosa, folia radicalia, conferta, petiolata, basi atte- nuata, integerrima, undulata ; pedunculi radicales, conferti, unt- flori, apice incrassati.
1. Mandragora officinalis, Linn., Flor. Grec. tab. 232; Walpers, Rep. in. 104.
2. Mandragora vernalis, Bertol., Com. Bonon. 11. 388. tab. 23 ; Gertn. u. 236. tab. 131; Walp. id. 105.
3. Mandragora precox, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. u, tab. 198 ; Walp. id. 105.
4. Mandragora microcarpa, Bertol., Com. Bonon. ii. 391. tab. 25 ; Walp. id. 105.
The above generic character is formed in great measure from a plant I had an opportunity of examming in its living state, probably M. microcarpa. Its leaves are numerous, spreading, all radical, lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, and decurrent on a thick fleshy purplish petiole; they are undulated and somewhat sinuous on the crenulato-dentate margin, rough on both sides, with several small tubercles bearing minute articulated hairs ; the very fleshy broad midrib, and about seven pairs of promi- nent pinnate nerves, with intermediate reticulated veins, are clothed with rather short articulated pubescence ; they are about 10 inches long, exclusive of a petiole of 2 inches, and 3 inches broad. Several peduncles spring from the base of the petioles ; they are erect, pubescent, thickened above, about 1} inch long and 1-flowered. The calyx consists of a short campanular tube 2 lines long, with five equal narrow linear acuminated erect seg- ments, each 4 lines long ; the corolla is tubular, somewhat funnel-. shaped, about 6 lines in length, and 4: lmes in diameter in the mouth; the lobes of the somewhat oblique border are oblong, overlapped at base, tapering and obtuse at their summit, of a pale blue or hlac colour, each marked with three parallel ner- vures and numerous anastomosing veins, and are slightly ex-
Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 41
panded. The stamens are equal, hairy and slightly arched at their origin, slender, smootb, and erect above; the anthers con- nive around the included stigma, and are oblong, cordate and apiculated ; like those of Hyoscyamus, they are articulated upon a prominence of the dorsal connective. The ovarium is seated upon a short hypogynous gland with two prominent lobes, op- posite the furrows of the dissepiment ; these lobes remain after the growth of the ovarium, but the gland itself soon disappears. The stigma is capitate, somewhat 2-lobed, and covered with nu- merous viscose papille. I observed the fruit of a specimen in M. de Boissier’s herbarium (M. microcarpa from Malaga) ; here the persistent calyx preserves the same form, the tube growing to a diameter of 7 lines and a length of 6 lines, while the erect lobes in addition are 9 lines long ; it is membranaceous, reticu- lated, and incloses an oval berry crowned with the persistent style, being 7 lines long and 5 or 6 lines in diameter ; the seeds are flat, reniform, oval, and about 12 line long *.
~VI.—Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Wacker, F.L.S. [Continued from vol. v. p. 395. |
86. Aphis Viburni.
Aphis Viburni, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 737. 18 ; Sp. 1. 886. 23 ; Ent. Syst. iv. 216. 28; Syst. Rhyn. 298. 28 ; Gmel. ed. Syst. Nat. i. 2208; Sulz. pl. 11. fig. 1, 2; Scop. Ent. Carn. 396; Schrank, Faun. Boic. n. 111. 1208; Stew. El. ii. 111; Enc. Meth. Ins. pl. 115. fig. 9; Sir Oswald Mosley, Gard. Chron. i. 684; Rus- ticus, Ent. Mag. 1. 218.
Viburnifez, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 24 série, v. 478.
This species feeds on Viburnum Opulus and V. lantana from March till November.
The viviparous wingless female. It is hatched in the beginning of March, and is then linear, very small, and of a dull dark green colour, paler beneath ; sometimes it has dark bands across the back: the feelers and the legs are black, short, and stout: the eyes, the mouth, and the nectaries are also black. The young ones in the middle of April are pale green, spindle-shaped, slightly convex, not shining: the feelers are hardly half the length of the body ; their tips, the tip of the mouth, and the eyes are black: the abdomen is pale orange around the base of the nectaries, which are nearly one-sixth of the length of the
* An analysis of the generic features of this genus will be given in one of the supplementary plates to vol. ii. of the ‘ Ilustr. South Amer. Plants.’
4.2 Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides.
body. The body is elliptical, convex, plump, velvet-like, very dark olive-green, and covered with a white bloom: the feelers are black, pale yellow at the base, and not more than one-fourth of the length of the body: the nectaries are not more than one- twelfth of the length of the body: the legs are black, short and stout ; the shanks except their tips are pale yellow. In the middle of April it may often be seen sitting under a leaf sur- rounded by its offspring, which have comparatively pale and flat bodies : it disappears in the beginning of July, and returns agam in the autumn.
Ist var. The body is black.
The viviparous winged female. While a pupa the body is black, and has a row of transverse white spots on each side of the ab- domen : the feelers are more than half the length of the body: the nectaries are about one-tenth of the length of the body : the legs are moderately long ; the fore-thighs and the shanks except their tips are white: the wings are unfolded before the middle of May, and are, as usual, at first milk-white, and afterwards become colourless, and very much longer than the body; the wing-ribs are very pale green, or almost white; the brands are dull buff; the veins are pale brown.
Ist var. The body is black : the feelers are rather shorter than the body: the mouth is dull yellow towards the base: the nectaries are about one-sixth of the length of the body: the shanks are very dark yellow with black tips; the fore-thighs are yellow at the base : the wings are slightly tinged with gray ; the wing-ribs, the brands, and the veins are brown.
The oviparous wingless female. The body is elliptical, convex, shining, pale yellow: the feelers are pale yellow, black towards the tips, and rather less than half the length of the body: the mouth is pale yellow ; its tip and the eyes are black : the nectaries are black, and hardly one-sixth of the length of the body: the legs are pale yellow; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black ; the himd-shanks are broad.
Ist var. The body is tinged with green.
2nd var. The body is tinged with red.
3rd var. The body is pale red.
4th var. With six rows of black spots on the back.
5th var. With a large red spot at the base of each nectary.
6th var. The head is pale gray.
7th var. The hind-shanks are pale brown.
8th var. The tip of the abdomen is black.
The oviparous wingless female? The body is small, oval, slightly convex, very deep black with a slight white bloom, and it has a rim on each side of the body: the abdomen is tapering towards the tip: the feelers are black, white towards the base, and full
” — —
Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 43
half the length of the body : the mouth is paler towards the base : the nectaries are about one-tenth of the length of the body : the legs are dull white ; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black; the hind-legs are dark gray, and are very broad. In the beginning of November.
The winged male. The body is black: the fore-border and the hind-border of the fore-chest are very dark yellow: the feelers are black, rather thick till near their tips, and nearly as long as the body : the mouth is black, dark yellow towards the base : the nectaries are black, and full one-sixth of the length of the body ; the legs are black ; the fore-thighs are dark yellow at the base : the wings are slightly gray, and very much longer than the body ; the wing-ribs are yellow; the brands are pale brown; the veins are brown. It appears in the beginning of November, and then pairs with the yellow female before mentioned.
Length of the body 3—3 line ; of the wings 13-2 lines.
In the spring these Aphides dwell im clusters on the stalks of the guelder rose buds which open and inclose them with a snowy drapery ; in the autumn they multiply when the tree is adorned with clusters of red shining berries; and November, when the leaves assume a bright scarlet hue, is the egg-laying epoch. The leaves of the wayfaring tree on which it feeds in the spring curl up, and protect it from injury.
87. Aphis Xylostet, Schrank.
Aphis Xylostet, Schrank, Faun. Boic. i. 1. 107 ; Reaum. Ins. i. 286; Deg. Ins. in. 96. 16. pl. 7. fig. 8-13; Gmel. ed. Syst. Nat. i. 2210; Fonscol. Ann. Soc. Ent. x. 167. 6.
A. Lonicere, Sir Oswald Mosley, Gard. Chron. 1. 628.
Xylosthaphis, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2 série, v. 479.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is small, oval, rather flat, pale green, covered with white powder: the head is darker : the feelers are very pale, but darker at the base and at the tips, shorter than the body : the mouth is pale yellow; its tip and the eyes are black: the nectaries are black, and about one-sixth of the length of the body: the tube at the tip of the abdomen is pale yellow: the legs are pale yellow; the hips and the hind- thighs are darker ; the feet and the tips of the shanks are black.
Ist var. The thighs are nearly all black.
The viviparous winged female. The body is green: the head, the chest, the breast, the feelers, the nectaries, and the legs are black ; the shanks and the fore-thighs excepting their tips are pale yellow.
88. Aphis Cerasina, n. 8s.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is rather small, elliptical, flat, greenish yellow with two irregular black lines on
44. Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides.
each side of the abdomen: there is a row of small tubercles on each side of the body : the feelers are pale yellow, black towards the tips, and not half the length of the body : the mouth is pale yellow; its tip and the eyes are black : the nectaries are white, and not one-fifth of the length of the body: the legs are yellow and rather short ; the knees are brown; the feet and the tips of the shanks are black.
1st var. The body is pale yellow.
2nd var. The body is pale yellow with two large green spots on each side of the abdomen.
Found on Cerasus Avius, the wild cherry, near Carlisle in the middle of November.
89. Aphis Carduina, n. s.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is rather small, oval, somewhat flat, pale green : the front is narrow and rather bristly, and has a tubercle on each side : the feelers are yellow, and much longer than the body; the tips of the joints are black: the first and the second joints are angular; the fourth is much shorter than the third ; the fifth is as long as the fourth ; the sixth is not half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is about four times the length of the sixth: the mouth is pale yellow ; its tip and the eyes are black: the tube at the tip of the abdomen is short : the nectaries are pale green with black tips, and nearly one-fourth of the length of the body: the legs are long and pale yellow; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black. In the beginning of November.
The viviparous winged female. It is like the wingless insect in colour, but somewhat darker about the chest: the wings are colourless, and much longer than the body; the second vein diverges from the first, but is nearly parallel to the third; the second fork of the latter begins a little after one-third of the length of the vei, and its lower branch converges slightly towards the second vein; the second fork is beyond two-thirds of the length ; the fourth vein is curved moderately and equally throughout its length, and the angle of the brand whence it springs is very slight.
Length of the body line; of the wings 1} line.
Found on the thistle from June till November.
90. Aphis Jacobee, Schrank.
Aphis Jacobea, Schrank, Faun. Boic. un. 123. 1242; Kalt. Mon. Pflan. 68. 49.
Found on Senecio Jacobea in the summer.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is rather small, oval, convex, deep black : the limbs are also black : the feelers are some-
Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 45
what shorter than the body : the mouth is dull green at the base : the nectaries are as long as one-fifth of the body : the legs are of moderate length: the fore-thighs are dull green at the base. When very young it is linear, and dark green.
The viviparous winged female. In colour it resembles the winged Aphis: the wings are slightly tinged with gray, and are longer than the body ; the wing-ribs are dull yellow ; the brands and the veins are black.
91. Aphis Helichrysi, Kaltenbach.
Aphis Helichrysi, Kalt. Mon. Pflan. i. 102. 77.
A. Balsamite, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 109. 1262.
This little Aphis feeds on Helichrysum chrysanthum, Balsamita suaveolens, Anthemis tinctoria, A. Matricaria, Achillea Ptarmica, A. Millefolium, Senecio vulgaris, Myosotis.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is oval: the front is somewhat convex and slightly serrated : there are no tubercles at the base of the feelers, which are setaceous, and rather less than half the length of the body ; the fourth joint is much shorter than the third, but more than half its length ; the fifth is a little shorter than the fourth, and the sixth has the same proportion to the fifth ; the seventh is fully as long as the third, and much more slender than the other joints: the nectaries are about one-fifteenth of the length of the body: the legs are rather short, pale green. The young ones in its body amount to twelve and upwards.
The viviparous winged female. While a pupa it is nearly ellip- tical, slightly convex, grass-green, rather smallerthan A. Dianthi: the feelers are pale green with brown tips, and hardly half the length of the body: the eyes are dark brown: the mouth is pale green with a brown tip: the nectaries are dark green, not more than one-twelfth of the length of the body: the legs are dull green, rather short ; the feet are brown.
When the wings are unfolded the body is green: the head and the disc of the chest are dark : the feelers are black excepting the base, and more than half the length of the body: the legs are yellow ; the feet, and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are dark green: the wings are colourless, and much longer than the body ; the bend of the rib-vein between the angle where it sends forth the fourth vein and its tip is shorter than in A. Tanacetina, and the fourth vein is more curved ; the third vein is forked a little after one-third and again a little after two-thirds of its length ; the second vein is very nearly parallel to the lower part of the third vein ; the first vein is nearer at its source to the second than the second is to the third, but it diverges more at the tip. In the wings of Aphides the third vein has in its upper division a
46 Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides.
course conformable or parallel to the fourth vein, while the direc- tion of its lower division agrees with that of the second vein.
92. Aphis Tanacetina, nu. s.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is elliptical, convex, yellowish green: the front is slightly convex, not notched: the feelers are setaceous, and rather less than half the length of the body ; the first and the second joints have no angles ; the fourth joint is much shorter than the third, but more than half its length ; the fifth is a little shorter than the fourth, and the sixth has the same proportion to the fifth ; the seventh is nearly as long as the third ; the tips of the joints are brown: the tip of the ab- domen is not compressed, but rounded, and has no tube: the nectaries are linear, and as long as one-sixth of the body: the legs are rather short ; the feet are brown. The young ones which it contains exceed twelve in number.
The viviparous winged female. It resembles the wingless insect, but is darker about the head and about the chest : the feelers are brown excepting the base, anda little shorter than the body : the tips of the nectaries are brown: the wings are colourless and very much longer than the body ; the brand has a distinct angle where it sends forth the fourth vem, and the distance thence to its tip is about one-fifth of its whole length, and less than half the space between the tip of the brand and the tip of the fourth vein : the fourth vein is moderately curved at the base, and nearly straight towards the tip ; the third springs from the brand at one-fifth of the length of the latter, and is forked before one-third and again a little after two-thirds of its length; the second and the third veins are nearer to each other at the base than are the third and the fourth ; the first and the second are still nearer to each other than are the second and the third, but they diverge more before they reach the hind-border. Found in August on Tanacetum vulgare.
Length of the body 2 line; of the wings 13 line.
Variations in the wing-veins.—1st var. The third vein has its first fork long after one-third and its second a little after two- thirds of its length.
2nd var. The third vein sends forth its first fork at half its length, and it has no lower branch to its second fork.
The oviparous wingless female. This much resembles the vivi- parous wingless female, but the hind-shanks are somewhat wide, and rather darker than the rest. It appears in the middle of October.
93. Aphis Crategaria, n.s.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is oval, convex, yel- Jowish green, smooth, shining : the feelers are pale yellow, slender,
Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 47
setaceous, brown towards the tips, longer than the body: the eyes are red: the mouth is pale yellow with a brown tip: the nectaries are yellow with brown tips, and about one-fourth of the length of the body: the legs are pale yellow, long and slender ; the feet and the tips of the shanks are brown: when young it is grass-green, paler beneath: the head is yellowish : the feelers are about half the length of the body, and the nectaries are one- fifth of its length; their tips are brown. Before the end of April.
The viviparous winged female. The body is rather large and grass-green: the head and the disc of the chest and that of the breast are reddish brown: there is a row of black spots on each side of the abdomen : the eyes and the feelers are dark brown, and the latter are a little longer than the body: the mouth is pale green with a brown tip: the nectaries are-pale green, and as long as one-fourth of the body: the legs are long, and pale yellow ; the feet, and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are brown: the wings are colourless; the wing-ribs are pale yellow; the brands are very pale brown; the veins are brown.
Ist var. The feelers and the eyes are black, and the former are dull green at the base: the tip of the mouth is black: the legs are pale green; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black : the wing-ribs are pale green.
94. Aphis Crategi, Kaltenbach.
Aphis Crategi, Kalt. Mon. Pflan. 66. 47.
The viviparous winged female. While a pupa it is gray and nearly elliptical : the eyes and the feelers are black, and the latter are rather less than half the length of the body: the mouth is gray : the breast is dull red: the nectaries and the legs are gray, and the former are hardly one-twelfth of the length of the body. When the wings are unfolded it is black: the feelers are much shorter than the body : the mouth is dull yellow with a black tip : the legs are black ; the thighs at the base, and the shanks except their tips are yellow : the wings are colourless, and much longer than the body; the wing-ribs are almost white ; the brands are dull pale yellow ; the veins are brown.
95. Aphis Hedere, Kaltenbach.
Aphis Hedere, Kalt. Mon. Pflan. 1. 89. 65.
A. Ilicis, Kalt. Mon. Pflan. 1. 88. 64:
It feeds on Hedera helix and Ilex aquifolium.
The viviparous wingless female. The body is oval, convex, plump, pale green, covered with white powder: the feelers are white, pale brown at the base and at the tips, and much shorter
48 Bibliographical Notices.
than the body ; the fourth joint is much shorter than the third ; the fifth is a little shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is full half the length of the fifth; the seventh is rather longer than the fifth : the eyes are black: the mouth is white with a brown tip: the nectaries are black, and about one-twelfth of the length of the body: the legs are of moderate length; the thighs are pale green ; the shanks are white ; their tips and the feet are brown.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
An Elementary Course of Geology, Mineralogy, and Physical Geo- graphy. By D. T. Anstep, M.A., F.R.S. &c. 8vo. London: Van Voorst.
Ir is unnecessary at the present day to enlarge upon the advantages of geological science ; relieved from the prejudices which affected its early progress, and soaring above the mere attempt to excite our wonder by descriptions of the singular and apparently grotesque forms of animals, which were once the denizens of our planet, it has become a science not only of many valuable truths, but as a means of enlarging our views of those universal laws by which the physical history of the earth has been governed. The certainty of its facts and their practical applications have rendered a knowledge of it essential to all those engaged in the varied pursuits of mining, engi- neering and agriculture. A science intimately connected with our mineral wealth and commercial prosperity, could not fail to be re- cognized and supported by the Government, and the result is the establishment of the Museum of Practical Geology, under the ma- nagement of Sir H. De la Beche and its efficient corps of officers both in the cabinet and the field. Already has this institution yielded the first fruits of its practical utility, and given a greater impetus and in- fused a spirit of inquiry into the general principles of the science, and we do not doubt that when the enlarged views of its able and zealous director are fully developed, geology will become still more popular amongst all classes. Taught as a subject of special instruction in our Universities and Colleges, its importance has not been overlooked in those smaller academies, where the teachers, fully aware of the real principles of education—that of imbuing the mind with a knowledge of facts and their bearing on the practical purposes of life—have, without neglecting the classical studies, judiciously introduced a course of instruction in natural and physical science. Introductory works are therefore requisite, not as simply teaching the facts of geology itself, but as embracing a wider field and yet presenting in a condensed form, its intimate connexion with and dependence upon other branches of knowledge. In this respect the volume before us is extremely useful, nor could we anticipate that Prof. An- sted’s constant practice as a teacher and lecturer would fail to assist him in producing an educational manual serviceable alike for the tra- veller or student, more especially as the general plan of the work,
Bibliographical Notices. 49
although far from being a copy, is somewhat similar to the ‘ Cours Elémentaire’ of M. Beudant, which we have long considered as one among the most useful of introductory books.
The work is divided into four parts,—Physical Geography, Mine- ralogy, Descriptive Geology and Practical Geology. Under the first head are comprised, the general condition of matter at the earth’s surface, and the changes that take place by the action of the various forces of gravitation and cohesion, heat, light, electricity, &c., the effects produced by the changes of temperature, climate, and by atmo- spheric, aqueous and organic agencies, as well as the reaction of the interior of the earth on the external surface, as evinced by earthquakes, volcanoes, springs, &e. in modifying that surface. The study of this section is important to the geological student, for in the scheme of nature no fact stands by itself, but is insensibly blended with the va- rious cosmical phenomena going on around, and he who does not inquire into the changes which are daily passing before his eyes,— more or less influencing the organic and physical features of the earth,—will fail to comprehend fully the value and beneficence of those laws which have governed the past material arrangement of the earth’s crust, and by which the ceconomy of nature is sustained. Mineralogy, or the description of the materials of which the surface is composed and their combinations, is somewhat fully treated, the author having selected for his arrangement the chemical nomenclature of M. Dufrenoy, with remarks from the works of Mohs, Dana, Nicol, &e., and the illustrations from Regnault’s ‘Chimie.’ The portion devoted to Descriptive Geology contains an interesting chapter on the law of distribution of organic remains,-and their importance in the classification of different formations ; we could have wished the subsequent part, descriptive of the arrangement of the inorganic ma- terials, somewhat enlarged as regards the geology of England, and that-a few more illustrations of the characteristic fossils had been in- serted. Considering however the author’s intention to be that of producing a work not only for the English student, but for the civil and military engineer whose occupations may carry them to distant regions, this brevity of local description is compensated for by the general abstract of the geology of the globe as at present ascertained. Some minor inaccuracies occur in this part, for instance the fossils figured at p. 387 as belonging to the Great Oolite, are only found in the Inferior Oolite, and no mention is made under the cretaceous system of the abundance of phosphatic matter, which has of late so much attracted the attention of our agriculturists.
The concluding part of the work, and which considerably ee its value, contains a concise account of the practical applications of the science, a knowledge which must be always available when anything is undertaken concerning the earth, either as the basis of operations, or the source whence all valuable materials are obtained. Under this head therefore the student will find a brief but interesting outline of the application of geology to agriculture, engineering and architecture, such as the mechanical condition and chemical composition of rocks, derivation and properties of soils, the principles of drainage, and many
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. vi.
50 Bibliographical Notices.
other points of agricultural geology ; also an account of the earthy minerals used in construction, their durability, powers of resistance, &c. The important subject of the supply of water from various sources, more especially as connected with that of the metropolis, is fully treated ; and here we find some new and striking observations on the nature and character of the water-bearing strata around London, more especially the chalk, and the probable quantity of that useful element derivable therefrom, as deduced from geological investigation. Associated with this section is the nature of mining operations, and their reference to geological structure, in which the subject of coal- working is concisely treated, as well as some practical remarks on the various operations connected with the mining of iron, salt, and the other valuable mineral riches of this country ; we must however state that this portion of the work would have been rendered much more useful to the student, if the author had introduced a few woodcuts illustrative of some of the principal points connected with the various methods adopted in the working, ventilation and drainage of our mines.
A useful glossary of scientific terms, a general outline of the geo- logy of India, and a series of examination papers are appended to this volume, which, notwithstanding its brevity on some points, may be safely consulted as an introduction to the science by the general reader, as well as form an elementary manual for the traveller and student.
An Arctic Voyage to Baffin’s Bay and Lancaster Sound in search of friends with Sir John Franklin. By Roserr A. Goopsrr, late President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. London, Van Voorst, 1850.
This plain and unaffected narrative will be read with interest; not only by those who share the anxiety arising from the uncertainty hanging over the fate of those of whom Mr. Goodsir went in search, but by others who wish to gain a clear impression of the distinguish- ing features of arctic voyaging. ‘The author sailed in the “ Advice” whaler in March 1849 in search of his brother, who accompanied Sir John Franklin. His voyage extended through Davis’s Strait round the head of Baffin’s Bay, and the vessel was enabled to make an exploration into Lancaster Sound ; with how little success we un- fortunately know. Not discouraged by this, however, the author has started again this spring on the same quest.
In this little volume, which is founded upon the journal kept during the voyage, we find not merely a record of the routine of a whaling voyage, with a vivid description of the exciting hunts and perilous attacks which ensue when the ship arrives at the fishing grounds, but the author gives us his impressions of the various sights and natural phenomena as they came upon him with the force of novelty ; thus furnishing us with just the kind of information which has especial interest at the present time. The nature of the dangers arising from the concussion of the ice floes, the “nip,” the cutting of
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ice docks, the operations of tracking and towing, &e., are clearly explained, and enable the reader to realize the peculiar character- istics which attend these voyages in the icy seas. A few notes on natural history are interspersed, but the author describes a whaling voyage as particularly unfavourable to the pursuits of the naturalist, very few opportunities of observation being afforded to him, even where, as in his own case, the master of the ship affords all the faci- lities in his power.
We can recommend this book as an exceedingly pleasant and read- able little volume, and take our leave of it with hearty wishes for the success of the author in his present, second search.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. May 22, 1849.—Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.
MonoGrapuH OF THE Famity LIMNADIAD, A FAMILY OF ENTO- MOSTRACOUS CrusTACEA. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S. erc.
Jean Frederic Hermann, in his ‘ Mémoire Aptérologique,’ published at Strasbourg in 1804, described and figured an Entomostracous crus- tacean, which from its resemblance to the genus Daphnia of Miiller and its large size, he called Daphnia gigas. About thirty years pre- vious to that time, he tells us, his father discovered a number of these interesting little animals in a deep ditch near Strasbourg filled with clear rain-water and well-stocked with weeds. Struck with their beauty he collected several dozens of specimens, and placing them ina vessel full of water less pure than that which the ditch contained, took them home. By the time he reached his house however they were all dead but one, and he only succeeded in preserving two specimens in spirits of wine. Linneus had long before that described a species of Mono- culus in his ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ under the name of Monoculus lenticu- laris, found in Finland. His description is very brief, and Her- mann (pére) considering it probable that his animals might be iden- tical with the species described by Linnzeus, preserved the shells or bucklers of the little creatures which had died, and distributed them among his friends and correspondents. He sent some more particu- larly to the celebrated Miller, at that time engaged in working out the history of the Entomostraca, and entreated him and his other friends to inform him if they considered the specimens he had sent to be identical with the Monoculus lenticularis of Linneus. Miller and his other correspondents all replied that they were not able to inform him, as they did not know Linnzeus’s insect—and from that time up to the period at which the younger Hermann’s ‘ Mémoire Aptérologique’ was published, neither father nor son had ever again succeeded in finding these animals. Nothing farther seems to have been known of any species belonging to the family till M. Adolphe Brongniart in 1820, in the sixth volume of the ‘ Mémoires du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ published a description of an animal found by him in a pool of fresh water at Fontainebleau, which he considered. (I
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think erroneously) as identical with the Daphnia gigas of Hermann. Of this species he formed his genus Limnadia, and at the same time entered fully into the details of the structure and habits of the ani- mal. In the ‘ Bulletin de la Soci¢té Impériale des Nat. de Moscou ’ for 1830, M. Krynicki has described a third species belonging to the family, which he found in Russia. M. Audouin, in the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique’ for 1837, announced to the Society that he had received specimens of another species of the same family, found by M. Bravais, a naval officer, near Oran on the coast of Africa, in a little marsh of brackish water; and in the same year M. Straus Durckheim published a description and good figure of a fifth species found by Dr. Riippell in Abyssinia. M. Guérin-Ménéville, in the ‘Magazin Zoologique’ for the same year, 1837, has published the description of a sixth species brought from the Mauritius, collected there by M. Desjardins; and finally, M. Joly, in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ 2nd series, vol. xviii. 1443, has published an elaborate memoir upon a species collected by him at Toulouse.
From a careful examination of the figures and descriptions given by these authors, it is evident that these animals do not belong all to the same genus. It is perhaps in vain now to attempt to ascertain the species mentioned above as described by Linneus. Hermann says, the animal described by him “‘is very likely to be in reality the Monoculus lenticularis of Linnzeus;”’ and upon examining the Lin- neean cabinet in the possession of the Linnzean Society, I have found one mutilated specimen of a species belonging to this family which bears much resemblance to that figured by M. Hermann. As there is no ticket attached to the specimen, it is impossible now to decide whe- ther this is really the individual originally in the possession of Lin- neeus ; but if it be, it confirms my opinion, derived from comparing the figures and descriptions of the two species given by Hermann and Brongniart, that the latter author is decidedly in error in considering them to be identical. The species found at Fontamebleau is the true representative of the genus Limnadia, whilst that of Strasbourg forms the type of another genus. This genus was indicated by Audouin and Straus Durckheim in the same year; the former proposing for the species brought by M. Bravais from Oran, the name of Cyzicus; and the latter for that brought by Dr, Ruppell from Abyssinia, the generic name Estheria. From the simultaneous publication of these two generic names, it is difficult to decide which should stand ; and M. Joly, apparently feeling the difficulty, has proposed a third name, taking as the type the species found by him at Toulouse, and calling it Isaura. As M. Audouin merely indicates the genus without giving a description of either genus or species, whilst M. Straus de- tails at full length both generic and specific characters, and figures the typical species, I propose adopting his name and retaining the generic name Hstheria, a name originally proposed by Dr. Rippell himself.
The genus Limnadia thus at present contains two species :—
1. Limnadia Hermanni of Ad. Brongniart.
2. Limnadia Mauritiana of M. Guérin.
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The genus Estheria at present contains three species :—
1. Estheria gigas, the Daphnia gigas of Hermann, identical with me Cyzicus Bravaisii of Audouin and the [saura cycladoides of
oly.
2. Estheria tetracera, the Limnadia tetracera of Krynicki.
3. Estheria Dahalacensis, Straus Durckheim.
To these three species I now propose adding six others, all in the collection of the British Museum.
Legion BRANCHIOPODA. Order PHyLLopopa.
Family Limnapiapz. .
Animal almost entirely enclosed within a buckler or carapace re- sembling exactly a bivalve shell. Feet all branchial; from eighteen to twenty-seven pairs in number. Antenne four pairs; the two superior used as organs of locomotion. Eyes two; closely approxi- mated.
Genus Limnap14, Brongniart.
Carapace very large in proportion to the size of the animal, which appears not to fill much more than half of it. Head small, and having a little behind the eye a small pear-shaped body on its dorsal margin. Caudal segment truncate and terminating in two diverging lamelle, ciliated on their under margin. Small antenne club-shaped. Jaw foliated. Carapace beautifully transparent, of a whitish colour and very thin and delicate. Valves nearly quite smooth or only showing two or three slight concentric ridges on their anterior margin, and when highly magnified, numerous very minute dots or puncturations.
The animals swim on their back, and no males have ever as yet been observed.
Sp. 1. Limnapia HeERMANNI.
L. Hermanni, Ad. Brongniart, Mém. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. vi. t. 13. f. 1-2, 1820. Desmarest, Consid. gén. sur les Crust. 379. t. 56. f. 1, 1825. Latreille, Cuv. Régn. Anim. iv. 173, 1829. Bosc, Man. d’ Hist. Nat. des Crust. 11. 236, 1830. Guérin, Magaz. de Zool. Class 7. t. 21. f. 12, 1837. Lamarck, An. sans Vert. 2nd edit. v. 185 (note). M. Ed- wards, Hist. Nat. Crust. mi. 362. No. 1. Cuv. Régn. Anim. edit. Crochard, Crustacés, t. 74. f. 1, la.
Carapace-valves of a rounded oval form, and permitting only the terminal branches of the large antennze and the tips of the caudal lamellze to pass beyond their margins ; antennules of the length of the peduncles of the large antennze, club-shaped and crenulated on their upper edge ; large antennze nearly half‘as long as the body, and having in each branch 12 joints ; feet 22 pairs in number ; caudal lamellee of considerable length ; carapace of a clear transparent white colour, and nearly quite smooth on its surface. On the anterior half we see two or three concentric striz or rather delicate ridges running parallel with the lower margin, and when examined by a microscope of con- siderable power, we can detect the whole surface of the valves covered with numerous minute dots or puncturations. These do not appear
54 Zoological Society.
raised, but as if they were mere opacities in the otherwise clear transparent shell.
Hab. Fontainebleau. British Museum; sent to Dr. Leach by M. Brongniart.
Sp. 2. Limnapra MaurirTIAna.
L. Mauritiana, Guérin, Mag. de Zool. Class 7. t. 21. f. 1-11, 1837; Iconogr. Régn. Anim. Cuv. t. 33. f. 2. M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. i. 363. No. 2. t. 35. f. 7-8. Burmeister, Organiz. of Trilobites, Ray edit. t. 6. f. 15.
Carapace-valves of an oval shape, slightly pomted at the extre- mities ; antennules club-shaped, not crenulated on the upper edge, and considerably shorter than in preceding species, and the branches composed of only 9 joints in each; feet 18 pairs in number ; caudal lamellee shorter than in preceding species and more spine-shaped.
Not having seen this species I am unable to describe the structure of the carapace.
Hab. Island of Mauritius, M. Desjardins.
Genus EstHertia, Riippell.
Carapace smaller in proportion to the size of the animal than in preceding genus, the animal nearly filling the entire cavity ; head large and somewhat projecting beyond the margins of the valves ; no pyriform organ; caudal segment large and terminating in four la- melle in form of strong curved hooks; small antennz linear or slightly tapering towards the apex ; jaws fleshy ; carapace of a trans- lucent horny or yellowish colour, of moderate thickness, and showing numerous strong concentric ribs; the surface between the ribs is generally strongly punctate or striated, presenting considerable va- riety in their sculpture, which affords good specific characters; the animals swim on their belly, and many males are found among them.
A. Valves of carapace dotted or punctate on the surface.
Sp. 1. EstHertia GIGas.
Syn. Daphnia gigas, Hermann, Mém. Aptérol. 134. t. 5. f. 4-5; t. 9. f. a, 1804.
Cyzicus Bravaisii, Audouin, Ann. de la Soc. Entomol. vi. Bulletin, p- 9, 1837.
Isaura Cycladoides, Joly, Ann. des Scien. Nat. 2nd ser. xviii. t. 7, tid tenOsu. L414. 1.843:
Estheria Cycladoides, Lucas, Explor. Scient. de P Alger. Crus- tacés, 81, 1845.
Limnadia Hermanni, Koch, Deutsch. Crust. H. xxxv. t. 10.
Monoculus lenticularis? Linnzeus, Faun. Suec. 2051. No. 8; Syst. Nat. ed. 12th, 1059, No. 8.
Carapace-valves of a rounded oval form, resembling considerably the shell of a Cyclas ; of a horny amber colour and translucid ; an- terior extremity rather broader than posterior ; both finely rounded ; beaks prominent, situated nearer the anterior extremity of the cara- pace, which is much more conyex at that part than elsewhere ; the two valves are marked with concentric strie or ribs, varying from
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20 to 26 in number. When viewed under the microscope, the structure of this carapace presents the following appearance : the ribs are strongly marked and are somewhat prominent, the lower edge being beaded or ornamented with a line of raised round dots of a rather regular figure. The surface between the ribs is slightly con- cave, and is marked very distinctly with numerous raised dots or punctations of a rather irregular form and size.
Hab. Strasbourg, Hermann. Toulouse, Joly. Oran, M. Bravais. Algeria, Lucas. Regency of Tunis, Mr. Frazer. Brit. Mus.
That this is the Daphnia gigas of Hermann I think there is no doubt, and quite different from the Limnadia Hermanni of Bron- gniart. The body of the Limnadia is entirely enclosed within a cara- pace, regularly oval, transparent, and of a whitish colour. That of the Daphnia gigas, according to Hermann, is enclosed within a cara-
ace of the colour of amber, horny, transparent, oval, with the back gibbous, keeled, and edged with brown. The carapace of the Lim- nadia is smooth, or offering only two or three zones parallel to its free edge. That of the Daphnia gigas has 7 rings or parallel zones on the two lower thirds of its body, and to judge from the figure given by Hermann, has several more on the upper portion. In strue- ture and form it thus agrees with the characters of the genus Estheria, and appears to me to be perfectly identical with the Isaura Cyela- doides of Joly. :
Sp. 2. EstHeriA Me irtensis, Nobis.
Carapace-valves of an elongated oval form, considerably narrower at the posterior than the anterior extremity ; of a light horny colour, and semitransparent. Anterior extremity rounded; the beaks si- tuate near that extremity and prominent, causing that part of the shell to be much more convex than any other portion. Ribs some- what prominent, the surface between them slightly concave and com- pletely covered with numerous very small dots or raised punctations of rather a regular figure. The lower edge of each rib is beaded like the last, but the dots are smaller. The shell is considerably more elongated than in preceding species, and the beaks are more pro- minent and rather nearer the anterior extremity. The colour is much lighter; the ribs rather less prominent, and the punctations on the intermediate spaces much smaller and a great deal more nu- merous.
Hab. Pool of rain-water at Malta, Rev. Mr. Hennah. Brit. Mus.
Sp. 3. Estuerra poxita, Nobis.
Carapace-valves obovate, resembling in form the shell of a Pistdium. Anterior extremity somewhat broader than posterior, much more convex and gaping. Beaks prominently elevated, and situated near the anterior extremity. The shell is of a light yellowish horny co- lour internally and externally, and of a fine glossy polished appear- ance and finely pellucid. The ribs are numerous, about 27 in num- ber, elevated, and smooth. The spaces between are slightly concave, and are beautifully dotted with numerous small impressed punctations.
Hab, India, Captain Boys. Brit. Mus.
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Sp. 4. Estaeria Brasriiensis, Nobis.
Carapace-valves elongately obovate and pisidiform. Anterior ex- tremity much broader than posterior, much more convex, and gaping. Beaks prominent and situated near anterior extremity. The shell is of a uniform dull horny colour and appearance externally and in- ternally, very thin and translucent. Ribs numerous, elevated and smooth. The intermediate spaces are slightly concave, and appear roughened all over with numerous very small dots. This is a larger species than the preceding, and is much more elongated in form,—not. possessing the fine polished appearance which distinguishes it, but appearing as if covered with a very thin epidermis.
Hab. Brazil, Mr. Sowerby. Brit. Mus. ~
Sp. 5. EsrHeria Danaacensis.
E. Dahalacensis, Riippell & Straus, Mus. Senkenberg. it. 119. try. 1/11:
Carapace-valves irregularly quadrilateral. Anterior extremity slightly rounded, posterior extremity cut sloping or with beveled edges. Dorsal and ventral margins both straight. Beaks rather prominent, placed near anterior extremity. The carapace is of a light horny colour and lustre, both internally and externally, and translucent. The ribs are about 14 m number and rather prominent. The spaces between them are slightly concave and covered with very numerous exceedingly minute raised dots or punctations, and a good “many much larger intermixed.
Hab. Dahalac, Abyssinia, Riippell. Mus. Dom. J.O. Westwood.
B. Valves of carapace longitudinally striated on their surface.
Sp. 6. EsrHeRIA DONACIFORMIS.
Nuculina donaciforme, Parreyss MSS. in Mus. Brit.
Carapace-valves shortly obovate and pisidiform ; anterior extremity broader than posterior, more convex but not gaping; beaks pro- minent, placed near anterior extremity ; the carapace is quite opake, of a light brownish yellow externally, of a dull lustre and with a spot of dark purple and of a metallic lustre on the anterior margin and on the dorsal edge behind the beaks; the interior is of a beautiful shining lustre and of a deep purple colour; the ribs are numerous and rather unequal; the spaces between them are striated longitu- dinally ; the strize, when examined by the microscope, being irregular and of a somewhat complicated structure, near the edge of the rib frequently forramg loops and running one into the other.
Hab. Abeid, Kordofan, Parreyss. Sent to the British Museum Collection as a species of mollusk belonging to the genus Nuculine, and called Nuculina donaeiforme.
Sp. 7. Esrueria Boysu, Nobis.
Carapace-valves broadly obovate; anterior extremity convex, gaping, much broader than the posterior, which however is rounded and obtuse ; beaks prominent, placed near anterior extremity ; carapace opake ; externally of a dull shining grey colour, with the anterior
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extremity, beaks, and dorsal edge of a purplish tint possessing a somewhat metallic lustre ; the interior is of a light purple tint and somewhat shining lustre; the ribs are numerous, about 34 in num- ber, and prominent, and the surface between them is striated longi- tudinally and impressly punctate, the strize extending across one-half the space, the other half being occupied with the punctations.
Hab. India, Capt. Boys. Brit. Mus.
Sp. 8. Estueria stmiuis, Nobis.
Carapace-valves elongate obovate ; anterior extremity considerably broader than posterior, which is rather narrow; beaks very promi- nent, placed very near anterior extremity ; carapace opake; colour externally and internally the same as in last; the ribs are numerous and prominent, the first 7 or 8 rather broader than the rest, smooth, and flattish ; the remainder sharply prominent, and having on their surface a row of sharp angular beads; the surface between the ribs is deeply striated, the strice extending nearly quite across the space. This species differs from the preceding in being smaller, more elon- gate in proportion ; in having the posterior extremity considerably narrower and sharper, and the beaks nearer anterior extremity, and in having the ribs beaded.
Hab. India, Capt. Boys. Brit. Mus.
Sp. 9. EsTHERIA TETRACERA.
Syn. Limnadia tetracera, Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos- cou, 1830, 176. t. 7. f. 1, 2. M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 363. No. 3.
Tsaura tetracera, Joly, Ann. Sc. Nat. 2nd ser. xviii.
Carapace-valves broadly obovate ; anterior extremity broader than posterior, which is obtusely rounded; beaks prominent, very near anterior extremity.
Not having seen this species I cannot describe the structure of the carapace.
Krynicki describes this species as a Limnadia, but at the same time remarks “that it ought to form the type of a new genus.”
Hab. Neighbourhood of Charkow, Russia, Krynicki.
June 12.—W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
Letters had been received from Richard Hill, Esq., W. C. Kelaart, Esq., R. J. Bourchier, Esq., and Dr. Bland, Corr. Members.
Mr. Kelaart’s letter was dated San Fernando, Trinidad, May 6. Among other interesting intelligence he states that he has “no doubt of the existence of a large Red Monkey, and according to some, of a white one also, inhabiting the woods of this island ; and although no specimens have yet been procured, the promises of several of the pro- prietors give hope of a speedy solution of the question as to what spe- cies these animals may belong.”’
Mr. Gray exhibited, from the collection of J. H. Hora, Esq., a female specimen of Ovis Gmelini, from Tauri in the Persian Gulf.
It was peculiar for the large size of the tuft of hair over the orbital gland, which was closely matted together by the secretion from it ;
58 Zoological Society.
the nostrils are surrounded by a distinct narrow callous edge; the callosity occupies the space between the nostrils and a narrow central band down to the lips; the body is covered with very close soft hair, and on the haunches and other parts where the hair is longer, it retains its softness, but approaches to the quill-like character of the Roebuck ; the upper part of the body is ochraceous yellow, the lower part paler and whitish; the head is paler yellowish, and the hairs on the forehead and face are tipped with whitish.
- The following paper was read :—
1. ON THE VARIATION IN THE TEETH OF THE CRESTED SEAL, CysTOPHORA CRISTATA, AND ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS FROM THE West INpDiEs. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. ETC.
In a paper which I lately communicated to the Society on the genus Bradypus, I drew their attention to some variations in the form of the lower jaw, which were not accompanied by any appre- ciable difference in the external appearance of the specimens ; I now wish to bring before the Society some variations which I have ob- served in the teeth of the different skulls of the Crested Seal which I have received from Greenland. I consider it of more importance to record these variations, as the formation of the teeth in the family of Seals has been considered as affording one of the best characters for the distinction of the species.
Several zoologists have considered the Crested Seal of the northern and the Proboscis Seal of the southern hemisphere as belonging to the same genus ; but though there are several characters which are com- mon to both, they are very easily distinguished.
The grinders of the Proboscis Seal are only slightly plaited on the crown, all have only simple subcylindrical roots, which are cylindrical in the young animal, and enlarged, short, and clavate in the adult specimens. ‘The grinders of the Crested Seal, on the contrary, are rather tubercular and very closely and strongly plaited on the crown, and this character is seldom obliterated by age, and in most of the skulls the 4th and 5th grinder of both jaws have two roots, and the root of the 3rd grinder is partially divided on the outer side ; but in some adult skulls (probably belonging to the males?) the roots of the 4th and of the Ist, 2nd and 3rd grinders are enlarged and simple-rooted, and in one young skull the 4th grinder is also simple- rooted.
I shall proceed to give the variations to be observed in the follow- ing skulls, all received from Greenland :—
1. No. 332 6. in Brit. Mus. Cat.—The skull of an adult or aged specimen: the crowns plaited, the roots of all the grinders enlarged and short, club-shaped and simple, separated from the crown by a narrow collar.
2. No. 332 a.—Skull of adult : the crown worn ; the root of the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, rather enlarged, oblong club-shaped, rather elongate, the root of the 5th grinder compressed, of the left side simple, of the
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right partially divided into two short roots continued in grooves on each side.
3. No. 332 c.—Skull of an aged specimen: the crowns plaited and tubercular, the roots of the grinders rather enlarged, the root of the 3rd grinder rather compressed, simple, with a groove on the outer side of the 4th and 5th grinders, scarcely enlarged, and divided into two distinct diverging roots.
4. No. 332 4.—Skull of nearly adult: the crown of few grinders remaining plaited ; the root of 4th and 5th grinder of the left side, as shown by the cavities, divided into two roots ; of the 4th grinder of the right side simple, with a slight groove on the outer side, and of the 5th grinder two-rooted, like the similar grinder on the other side.
5. No. 332 d.—Skull of nearly adult, wanting the grinders ; but the cavity for the grinders shows that the 4th grinder on both sides had a short clavate root with a slight central groove on the outer side, and the 5th grinder on each side had two separate roots.
6. No. 332 e.—Skull ofa half-grown animal: the crown plaited and tubercular, the 4th grinder on each side with ovate, short, simple roots, and the 5th grinder with compressed truncated simple roots ; the grinders are rather further apart than in the other skull.
7. No. 352 f.—Skull of a very young animal : the crowns are very distinctly plaited, the 4th and 5th grinders of both sides have two distinct roots, and the 3rd grinder has a groove down the middle of the outer side. In all these skulls the grinders are close together, forming a nearly continuous line.
8. Is the skull of a young female of the Seal caught in the Orwell on ‘the 29th of June, 1847, described and figured by Dr. W. B. Clarke, and now in the Ipswich Museum. This skull very much resembles No. 6 (No. 332 e.) in proportions and distance of grinders, but is only about two-thirds the size, and the blood-vessel on each side the palate, which in that skull is open, is here partly covered over with a thin layer of bone; the 4th upper grinder has a com- pressed simple root with a groove on the lower part of its outer side, and the 5th grinder is two-rooted. It is to be observed, that the Orwell specimen, No. 8, was a female, and that the nose of this and of skull No. 6 differ from the others in being rather longer, and in the grinders being rather further apart: is this the character of the female sex? and in both these skulls the 4th grinder is single-rooted: is that also a sexual character? It is to be hoped that the Danish or American naturalists who have the opportunity of examining these seals, will determine the question.
It would thus appear, from what I have stated, that im this genus the form of the root of the grinders is very lable to variation; I have not observed any similar variation in the teeth of any other seal, and still believe that the form of the roots affords a good character in most of the genera.
We have lately received from the West Indies the skin and skull of a seal which evidently belongs to the same genus as the crested seal of the northern hemisphere. The skull, or rather the teeth,
60 Zoological Society.
when compared with those of the Greenland specimens, induce me to believe that it is distinct from them. It chiefly differs in the torm of the outer upper cutting teeth and canines. In a// the specimens, both old and young, from the North Sea, the outer upper cutting teeth and the canines are narrow and compressed. In the West Indian skull, which is that of a very young specimen, the outer upper cutting teeth and the canines are broad, strongly keeled on each side and longitudinally plaited within. In this skull the 4th grinder has only a single root, and the 5th grinder has two; the crowns of the teeth are plaited and tubercular like those of the North Sea specimens. The face is rather broader than in a skull of the northern kind of nearly the same size. This species may be called Cystophora antil- larum.
We have received an imperfect skin of a seal from Jamaica, which was brought home by Mr. Gosse. It is unfortunately without any bones. The whiskers are short, thick, white, cylindrical, regularly tapering, and without any appearance of a wave or twist. In this character it most agrees with Phoca barbata.
July 10.—Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.
Mr. E. Doubleday exhibited specimens of the larva, pupa, and per- fect insect of Sirex gigas, an insect mostly very rare in Great Britain. These specimens were sent to Mr. Gray from Bath by Mr. Brunel, and were accompanied by fragments of the wood on which the larvee had fed.
It appears that about eighteen months since a quantity of larch- trees were cut in the neighbourhood of Bath, and after having been used as scaffolding-poles in the repairing of one of the churches of the city, were applied to a similar purpose at the railway-station. From these poles thousands of individuals, chiefly females, of Sirex gigas, are now coming forth. From the specimens exhibited, it would seem that the larvee prefer the soft sap wood to the more solid internal part of the trees, penetrating this part longitudinally at a little distance from the bark, the perfect imsect gnawing its way through when ready to make its appearance.
Mr. Doubleday remarked that there was here ample evidence to disprove St. Fargeau’s idea, that this fine msect is a parasite upon some timber-boring beetles, an opinion already controverted by Mr. Westwood and others. The larva, pupa, and perfect msect are beau- tifully figured by Ratzeburg in his work on insects injurious to forests ; but he gives no details of the habits of the msect, nor any figures in- dicating the mode of life of the larva.
The following papers were read :—
1. Description or Two New SPECIES WITH THE CHARACTERS oF A New Genus or Trocuitipa&. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S. ETC,
Genus Hetiopoxa, Gould.
Bill straight or slightly curved downwards, of moderate length ;
ae
Zoological Society. 61
nostrils covered by an operculum ; wings pointed, rigid, of moderate size, and well-adapted for sustaiming flight ; tail of moderate size, considerably forked ; feet of moderate size; the outer toe and claw shorter than the inner toe and claw; the hind toe and claw the shortest of all; tarsi clothed with fine feathers.
Species, H. jacula, H. Leadbeateri (H. Otero’), H. rubinoides, and H. rubinia?
HeLiopoxa JacuLa, Gould.
Male: crown of the head, breast and abdomen resplendent metallic green ; in the centre of the throat a crescentic mark of metallic blue ; the metallic green of the crown running to a point towards the oc- ciput ; back of the neck, back, and upper wing-coverts bronzy green ; under wing-coverts and flanks grass-green; wings purplish brown ; upper tail-coverts purplish brown with green reflexions ; under tail- coverts dark brown with green reflexions; tail considerably forked and of a bluish black ; thighs and tarsi white; feet blackish brown ; bill black.
Total length 51 inches; bill 14; wing 2; tail 22; tarsi 1.
Female : crown of the head and upper surface green ; throat shining metallic green, the white bases of the feathers showing through and giving the throat a speckled appearance ; tail bluish black tipped with white ; in some specimens the lores are buff, and a line of the same hue extends beneath the eye ; thighs white ; under tail-coverts dull green ; bill black.
Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.
Remark.—This splendid new species, which I have recently re- ceived from Santa Fé de Bogota, is precisely of the same form and about the size of the 7. Leadbeateri of authors.
ERIopus SIMPLEX, Gould.
The entire body obscure olive-green; the crown of the head and back of the neck tinted with purple; rump and upper tail-coverts a very little brighter than the back; under tail-coverts dull bluish purple; wings purplish brown; tail considerably forked, and black with purplish reflexions ; thighs and tarsi thickly clothed with snow- white plumes ; bill and feet black.
Total length 43 inches; bill 2; wing 21; tail 2.
Remark.—The only specimen I have seen is in the collection of E. Wilson, Esq.; it is most nearly allied to H. cupreoventris, but its uniform dusky colour renders it conspicuously distinct. It was received in a collection sent from Santa Fé de Bogota.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTEEN NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS, IN THE COLLECTION OF H. CumingG, Esa@., DISCOVERED BY Mr. WI L- LIAM Loss iN THE ANDES OF PERv. By Loven. Reeve, F.Z:8.
1. Butimus cuausttiomes. Bul. testd elongato-turritd, sini- strali, compressé umbilicatd, anfractibus novem, superné obscure
62 Zoological Society.
costatis, longitudinaliter creberrimé et minutissimé rugoso-stri- atis, columelld verticaliter reflexd, aperturd subquadratd, labro tenui, simplici; colore murino. Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru; W. Lobb. Very like a Clausilia in form, and of a silken aspect, arising out of the very close and minute development of longitudinal strize.
2. BuLimus NIGROPILEATUS. Bul. testd acuminato-ovatd, sub- ampliter umbilicatd, anfractibus septem, convexis, obtuse sub- rugoso-striatis, columella verticaliter reflexd, apertura ovali, labro simplici ; albidd, basin versus obsolete fusco-fasciatd, apice nigro.
Hab. Chachapoyas, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
It is probable, from the faintly-banded appearance of this shell, that
this is but the pale variety of a darker type.
i
3. Butimus FoveouaTus. Bul. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenuiculd,
subventricosd, haud umbilicata, ad apicem obtusd, anfractibus quinque ad sex, convexis, longitudinaliter obtuse plicato-striatis, punctis oblongis spiraliter lineatim exsculptis, infra suturas pli- cato-crenulatis, apicem versus peculiariter foveolatis, suturis rudibus, anfractu ultimo oblique descendente, columella latd, depressiusculd, oblique recedente, aperturd oblongo-ovali, labro subincrassato, vix refleco ; intense olivaceo-brunned, infra sutu- ras pallidé unifasciatd, suturis albidis, columella labroque ceru- lescente-albis, aperture fauce tridescente-lilaced.
Hab. Vitoe, near Sarma, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
This is the species which Dr. Pfeiffer has assigned to the Bulimus Mahogani of Sowerby, Conch. Ilustr. f. 59 ; a species of the B. rosa- ceus or hemastoma type, of which I can find no description or tidings.
The species under consideration will be found, on comparison with Sowerby’s figure, to be of a more oblong form, more acuminated at the apex, and very peculiarly indented round the upper sutures, re- minding one very much of the indentations in the shells of Phorus.
4. Buuimus peprstus. Bul. testd subacuminato-ovaté, compresse umbilicatd, anfractibus septem, rotundatis, levibus, superne depressiusculis, minuté plicato-crenulatis, columella reflexd, aperturd parviusculd, labro simplici, intus extusque ustulato- Juscd, hic illic saturatiore-strigatd.
Hab. Chachapoyas, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
A thin shell, approaching in form and colouring to the Bulimus
nuzx, from which it differs in being of lighter structure, and having a more rounded aperture.
5. Buuimus sciruutus. Bul. testd subfusiformi-oblongd, vie um- bilicatd, anfractibus octo, leviter convexis, levibus, columelld parum reflecd, aperturd subangustd, labro simplici; albidd, purpureo-ceruleo tinctd, basin versus ferrugineo-rufd, lineis subtilibus albis, irregulariter undulatis, creberrimé longitudt- naliter notatd.
Hab. Chachapoyas, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
Zoological Society. 63
Neatly marked with fine white waved lines upon a purple-blue ground, tinged towards the base with a bright rust-red.
6. Buxtimus cuzcorEnsis. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, sub- cylindraced, subcompressé umbilicatd, anfractibus octo, leviter convexis, sub lente striatis et corrugato-indentatis, columelld reflecd, apertura parviusculd, labro simplici ; fulvescente-spa- diced.
Hab. Cuzco, Bolivia; W. Lobb.
Of a delicate nankeen colour throughout.
7. Butimus pr&TExtTus. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, sub- cylindraced, subampliter umbilicatd, anfractibus octo, leviter convexis, levibus vel obscure indentatis, columelld latissimé re- flexd, aperturd parviusculd, labro simplici, paululim reflexo ; lacted, ceruleo-nebulatd, maculis rotundatis albidis promiscue floccatd, lineis minutis albidis undulatis longitudinaliter cre- berrimé notatd, apice fuscescente.
Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru; W. Lobb.
A delicate blue-clouded shell, sprinkled with a few white flakes,
and very closely marked with fine white lines, which are irregularly waved and sometimes ramified like veins.
8. Butimus Loxssi. Bul. testd subcylindraceo-oblongd, com- presse umbilicatd, aperturam versus suboblique tumidd, anfrac- tibus octo, leviter convexis, levibus vel obscure indentatis, colu- melld laté expansd, aperturd oblique effusd, labro reflexo ; albd, vittis longitudinalibus fuscescentibus et purpureo-castaneis irre- gulariter conspicué pictd, pone labrum et aperture fauce pur- pureo-nigricante.
Hab. Banks of the Maranon, near Balsas, Peru (on branches of a
species of Jatropha); W. Lobb.
This fine species is of a delicate cream-white, striped longitudinally by distinct ribands of light brown and dark purple chestnut, without any of intermediate tint. Immediately behind the lip there is more of the dark purple chestnut, approaching to black, and the interior of the aperture is coloured with the same, having a somewhat metallic hue.
I have the pleasure to name it in honour of Mr. William Lobb, bo- tanical collector of Messrs. Veitch and Son, the eminent nurserymen of Exeter, to whose zeal in the pursuit of natural history the disco- very of these interesting species bears honourable testimony.
9. Butimus PuRPURATUS. Bul. testd subacuminato-ovatd, com- pressé umbilicatd, anfractibus sex, convexis, longitudinaliter rugoso-corrugatis, ad suturas plicato-crenatis, anfractu ultimo ventricosiusculo, columella reflexd, labro simplici; purpurco- Suscd, lineis albidis hic illic longitudinaliter interruptd, basi et aperture fauce albidd.
Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru; W. Lobb.
A rather stout, rough shell, stained with dark purple brown.
10. Bunimus RHODOLARYNX. Bul. testd acuminato-ovatd, basin
64 Zoological Society.
versus oblique ventricosd, ampliter umbilicatd, anfractibus sep- tem ad octo, subrotundatis, levibus, sub lente striis obliquis elevatiusculis et spiralibus incisis minute decussatis, aperturd suborbiculari, columelld labroque laté reflexis ; roseo-albicante, intus purpureo-rosed. Hab. Banks of the Aparimao, Alto Peru; W. Lobb. Distinguished by its very delicate purple-rose interior, the colour of which is seen through the substance of the shell.
11. Bunimus pecussatus. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, basi rotundatd, subcylindraced, compressé umbilicatd, anfractibus octo, leviter convexts, longitudinaliter corrugato-striatis, ad suturas subcrenulatis, columelld laté reflexd, labro tenui, sim- plici; pallide stramined, strigis brevibus rufo-fuscis longitudi- nalibus et obliquis fasciatim decussatis peculiariter notatd.
Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru; W. Lobb. :
Singularly characterized by the bands of short brown streaks,
ranging obliquely in the direction opposed to the lines of growth.
12. Butimus myristicus. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, basi subobliquée rotundatd, compressé umbilicatd, anfractibus octo ad novem, planulato-convexis, longitudinaliter striatis, infra suturas subcrenulatis, columella late reflewd, labro simplici; albidd, vittis irregularibus castaneis et fuscescentibus confertim longi- tudinaliter pictd.
Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru; W. Lobb.
This differs but little from the preceding species in form and detail of sculpture ; yet there is a marked distinction in the style of paint- ing.
13. BuLIMUS ALTO-PERUVIANUS. Bul. testd acuminato-ovatd, tenuiculd, ampliter compressée umbilicatd, aperturam versus ob- liquée ventricosd, inflatd, anfractibus septem, convexis, apicem versus creberrimé elevato-striatis, striis spiralibus incisis sub lente minute decussatis, columella late verticaliter reflexd, aper- turd oblique suborbiculari, labro effuso, non reflexo ; fulvescente lacted, apicem versus cerulescente, lineis castaneis subdistanti- bus irregulariter longitudinaliter notatd, maculis brevibus con- trarié obliquis bifasciatim pictd, macularum serie unicd infra suturas.
Hab. Chachapoyas, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
The painting of this delicate and boldly convoluted shell is singu- larly characterized by two bands of short oblong chestnut spots or dashes, ranging obliquely im a direction contrary to that of the painted lines.
14. Butimus aLutraceus. Bul. testd oblongo-ovatd, umbilicatd anfractibus septem, convexis, creberrime corrugato-striatis, aper- turd ovali, columella reflexd, labro vie reflexo ; intense ustulato- castaned, zonuld unicd albd medio cingulatd, labro albo.
Hab. Cuzco, Bolivia; W. Lobb.
The entire surface of this shell is sculptured ey with
very closely-packed crinkled strize.
Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 65
15. BuLtimus primuxaris. Bul. testd acuminato-ovatd, tenui- culd, subventricosd, umbilicatd, anfractibus septem, levibus, columelld tenui reflexd, labro simplici; albidd, basin versus vivide luted, fusciis castaneo-nigris quatuor aut pluribus, non- nullis multo interruptis, cingulatd.
Hab. Chachapoyas, Alto Peru; W. Lobb.
Of simple structure, but abundantly characterized by its bright
primrose colour and dark basal bands.
16. Butimus cotuMetiaris. Bul. testd cylindraceo-elongaté, haud umbilicatd, anfractibus septemdecim ad octodecim, planis, angustis, oblique subobsoleté striatis, anfractu ultimo ad basin subangulato, columella tortuosd, leviter recedente, aperturd sub- quadratd, ad basin effusd ; roseo-albicante, apicem versus livido- cerulescente et rufescente.
Hab. Andes of Caxamarca, Peru (under stones at an elevation of
12,000 feet); W. Lobb.
An interesting Pupa-like species, distinguished by its square effuse
aperture and erect columnar form.
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. May 16, 1850.—Professor Fleming, President, in the Chair.
The followig papers were read :—
1. “On Colchicum autumnale,’ by James M‘Grigor Maclagan, Esq. In this paper the author considered the-plants known to the ancients by the name of Colchicum and Hermodactylus, and endea- voured to show from the writings of Dioscorides, Paullus Aigineta and others, that these names are synonymous. He then gave a history of the uses of the plant in a medical point of view, and after de- scribing the structure and characters of Colchicum autumnale, C. mon- tanum and C. variegatum or Illyricum, proceeded to notice the first of these species particularly. He detailed various experiments which he had made as to its mode of propagation by corms, and as to the quantity of starch and colchicine in the corm at different epochs of its growth ; and concluded by a general view of its pharmaceutical uses.
2. “On Dickiera,’ by John Ralfs, Esq. The author described the characters of the genus, and showed how it differs from Schizo- nema. He then characterized D. ulvoides (Berk. and Ralfs), and D. pinnata (Ralfs). This paper will be published in the ‘ Annals of Natural History ’ and the Society’s Transactions.
3. “On Arum maculatum,’ by James Kay, Esq. The object of this paper was to show, that, judging from the venation and develop- ment of the spathe, it is to be considered as a modification of the lamina of the leaf, and not of the petiole as some have supposed.
Mr. Stark showed a mode of making cells for the microscope by cutting off thin slices of gutta percha tubes and fastening them on glass by means of a gentle heat. He exhibited under the microscope several preparations of sea-weeds put up in this manner.
A note was read from Mr. C. Eyre Parker, containing some obser- vations on Narcissus biflorus.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. vi. 5
66 Miscellaneous.
Mrs. Robertson of Braendam, near Stirling, sent a notice (accom- panied by fresh specimens) of the discovery of Buxbaumia aphylla m large quantity on Ben Ledi. Fresh specimens of the Buxbaumia were likewise exhibited from Mr. Ogilvie of Dundee, having been gathered by him on the Sidlaw Hills, along with Baeomyces roseus.
MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES ON MEDUSZ AND POLYPES. H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Cape York, October 1849.
My pear Srr,—You will probably be interested in knowing what I have been about for the last year. I have examined (in most cases very carefully) species of the following genera of Acalephze and Po- lypes: PoysopHorip#, Velella, Porpita, Physalia (a good many new points), Stephanomia, Athorybia, Agulina, Rhizophyra; Di- pHyD&, Rosacea, Cuboides (two species), Abyla (three species), Enneagonea; Mrpusipx, Sinope (?), Xanthea, Geryonia, Cytais, Cephea, Oceania, * Bugainvillea, Tima, Aglaura (?), Pelagia, * Will- sia; Potyrrs, Tubularia, besides some genera altogether new. The two I have marked thus * will interest you, as you describe them in your “‘ Naked-eyed Meduse.”’ Bugainvillea, I may mention, has its generative organ in the thickness of its outer membrane of the stomach ; Willsia developes bodies mostly resembling those in Sarsia prolifera and gemmifera, at the angle formed by the two first divisions of each of the four radial canals. The structure of the Tudularia is also very interesting. I was for a long time astonished at what appeared to be its very wide geographical distribution, until I discovered one day that it was attached in large masses to the ship’s bottom !
IT have found much that was new to me in all respects, but nothing that contradicted in any important matter the results at which I ar- rived in the paper on the Meduse. On the other hand, I can speak much more confidently on some points advanced only with hesitation before. I believe that I shall be able to show you on our return evi- dence amply sufficient to prove,—1st, that the Hydroid and Sertularian Polypes, the Hydrostatic and ordinary Acalephze, and the Helianthoid Polypes form one large family, which, from their invariable and pecu- liar ‘‘ thread-cell,”’ I propose to call the ‘‘ Nematophora;” 2nd, that this great family consists further of two subdivisions, the number of which as affixed, if we consider one subdivision, and strictly analo- gous and parallel if we consider the two subdivisions as thus :—
Nematophora. Hydroide. Actinide. Corynidee. Zoanthide. Sertularidee. Sarcoidea. Physophoride. Pennatulidee. Diphyde. Madreporide. Medusidee. Beroidee.
I believe that I have already evidence enough on the ‘‘ Hydroid’’
Miscellaneous. 67
side, but on the other I have done nothing, or next to nothing. It is a very difficult investigation, but if this intolerable heat leaves me energy enough I will do something towards it. I am unwilling to write hastily or without due evidence on this matter (especially since the establishment of my views must, as it seems to me, necessitate the total re-arrangement of the “ Radiata’”’), and I mean therefore merely to go on making observations until we return to England. If then I find any means offer itself of publishing my results on an ap- propriate scale, well and good ; if not, I suppose I must content myself with feelmg like a “mute, inglorious Hampden,” and like a good philanthropist, pity the public for its loss.
I have a great advantage in the society and kind advice (to say nothing of the library) of Mr. MacLeay in Sydney. Knowing little of his ideas, save by Swainson’s perversions, I was astonished to find how closely some of my own conclusions had approached his, obtained many years ago in a perfectly different way. I believe that there is a great law hidden in the “ Circular system”’ if one could but get at it, perhaps in Quinarianism too ; but I, a mere chorister in the temple, had better cease discussing matiers obscure to the high priests of science themselves. :
Keeping well in mind the old adage about “too many irons in the fire,’ I have nevertheless been able to make a few scattered obser- vations on other animals than the Acalephze, and I mean to embody those on the Mollusca—comet-wise—making the ‘ anatomy of Firola and Atlanta” the nucleus whereunto to append a tail of observations on the genera, which will I think possess some interest, referring to the nervous system, structure of buccal mass, and the existence of a peculiar urinary system. I will send this from Sydney to the Secre- tary of the Zoological Society, with a request that you may, if so in- clined, have the first perusal of it.
Our return appears to be very uncertain, perhaps not for a couple of years. If in this remote corner of the earth I can be of any ser- vice to you either in a scientific or any other way, pray consider my best exertions as at your command. A letter addressed to me at Sydney will always reach me. Yours very faithfully,
To Prof. E. Forbes. Tuomas H. Hux ey.
On the Circulatory Apparatus and the Organs of Respiration in the Arachnida. By M. Emi1te Buancnarp.
It is well known that M. Blanchard, in opposition to the generally received opinion, admits the existence of a peritracheal circulation in insects ; the following are some new observations which have been made upon the Arachnida, and appear completely to confirm his opi- nion. The Arachnida present favourable conditions for studying the relations existing between the circulatory and respiratory systems, as there are tracheary Arachnida, pulmonary Arachnida, and lastly pulmo-tracheary Arachnida, in which we can see the insensible trans- ition of one system into the other. In the pulmonary Arachnida, the blood which has served for the nutrition of the organs becomes lost in the lacune ; it then introduces itself into the respiratory organs,
5k
68 Miscellaneous.
i. e. in the substance of the lamellee forming the pulmonary sacs, thence it is brought to the heart by particular vessels. In the other two groups the same holds good, except that the vascular system is of a higher grade than that of insects.
What do we find, says M. Blanchard afterwards, in higher animals, where the respiratory organs are localized? We always find that the blood gets into contact with the air by circulating in the lamellee forming the pulmonary or branchial sacs ; now, in those animals m which the respiratory system is disseminated throughout the body, by means of trachez, ought not the law to remain the same? The pulmo-tracheary Arachnida furnish, in this point of view, a valuable intermediate stage. The pulmonary sac is prolonged in the form of minute, very slender tubes, which are true trachez ; now if the blood circulates between the two laminz of the vascular sac, it is probable that it also circulates between the two laminz of the trachea, and must not the same thing occur in those Arachnida which are solely tracheary? M. Blanchard has confirmed these deductions by nume- rous injections. On introducing a liquid into the circulatory system, either by the heart or the lacunze, he has always injected the inter- membranular space of the tracheze.—Comptes Rendus de Académie des Sc. Janv. 28, 1850.
LONG-SUSPENDED VITALITY OF A SNAIL. To Richard Taylor, Esq.
S1r,—Instances have frequently occurred proving the extraordinary powers of vitality which some of the Mollusca possess. Several spe- cies belonging to the family Helicidze have been known to remain alive for upwards of two years in a torpid state, without the possessors of the specimens having even been aware that the shells contained living inhabitants. An extraordinary instance of this power possessed by snails has recently occurred here, which may prove interesting to many of your readers. In March 1846 a series of shells was pre- sented to the British Museum by Charles Lamb., Esq., collected by him some time previously in Egypt, Greece, &c. Amongst these were two specimens from Egypt of the Helix maculosa*, Férussac, “‘the Snail of the Desert,” as it is generally called, and which is found in great abundance living in the dry and arid deserts of Egypt and Syria. On the 25th of March 1846 the two specimens were fixed upon tablets and placed in the collection amongst the other mollusca of the Museum. There they remained summer and winter, fast fixed, gummed down upon the tablet, and immured in their prison till March 1850, four entire years after they had been first placed there, and without the slightest suspicion having been awakened that one of them contained a living inhabitant. How long they had been in the possession of Mr. Lamb before he presented them to the Museum I do not know. About the 15th of March 1850, having occasion to ex- amine some shells in the same case as that in which these two Helices were contained, I observed that in one of them a thin glassy-looking
* Helix maculosa, Von Born, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 28. f. 9-10.
Miscellaneous. 69
covering, the epiphragm, had spread over its mouth, and with evident signs that it was but recently formed. Rather surprised at this ap- pearance, I removed the two specimens from the tablet, and placed them in tepid water. After the lapse of ten minutes I had the plea- sure of seeing the animal of one of the specimens begin to gradually come forth, and in a few minutes more walk along the surface of the basin in which it was placed. I immediately upon that removed it from the water and placed it in a tumbler, where it began to crawl up its side. Next day I supplied it with a small portion of cabbage-leat, of which it. partook readily, though m small quantity. The animal in the other shell was found to be dead. It is not the least curious part of the story that the shell of the living animal was an injured shell, and had been repaired by the animal before it was collected by Mr. Lamb, though it evidently had not had time to perfect the mouth. It is still alive and feeds readily, preferring cabbage-leaf to lettuce or any other kind of food I have yet tried. It is now engaged in the process of completing the mouth of its shell, having since March made a small addition to its growth. It has been confined for some time past in a long glass jar about 18 inches high, and it seems to prefer climbing up to near the top of the jar to remaining at the bot- tom. A week ago I placed in the jar as a companion to it a very dark variety of the Helix hor- tensis, and the two seem to live quite harmoniously together. The accompanying sketch by Miss Waterhouse is one of the illustra- tions for a little work on Recent and Fossil Shells by Mr. Wood- ward of the British Museum, which is to form a part of Mr. Weale’s series of Scientific and Prac- tical Manuals.—W. Barrp.
British Museum, June 24th, 1850.
WAY IN WHICH TOADS SHED THEIR SKINS.
At vol. v. p. 430 of the ‘ Annals’ for this year is an account, by W. Turner, of the manner in which he saw a toad shed its skin. This statement does not materially differ from that given in Bell’s ‘ British Reptiles,’ except in one point. Bell describes the cuticle as “ pushed by the two hands into the mouth in a little ball, and swallowed at a single gulp.” I have this morning witnessed an exhibition of this remarkable ceconomy in the disposal of his old clothes, by one of the large Jersey toads, of which I received two living specimens a few days ago. Observing the back parts of the animal to be bright and moist, and seeing it raise its hand, as if to scratch its back, I at once perceived what was going on, and summoned my family to witness the process. The toad continued, at intervals of a few seconds, to open its mouth wide, and at the same time to assist the removal of the cuticle, by stretching its arm and contorting its body, much in the way we see our amateur boatmen of the Cam divest them- selves of those seamless knitted jackets, which they pass over their heads. A great part of the cuticle had already disappeared
70 Miscellaneous.
from the hinder quarters, and I observed a continuous and almost imperceptibly slow progression of what remained round one of the corners of the mouth and down the throat. In this way the cuticle became removed in proportion as it was detached. The whole of the left side was cleared first, with the exception of a small tattered frag- ment that adhered round the fingers, and which I did not observe to be removed by the mouth. The right arm was then more successfully liberated, the cuticle slowly disappearing round the right angle of the mouth, much as we might fancy a long strip of ribbon maccaroni would descend if carefully swallowed without a rupture. I did not notice any direct pushing of the cuticle by the hands into the mouth ; nor yet any pellet formed of it, to be bolted at a simgle gulp. Whether there has been any mistake in the description of the process adopted by our English toads I will not venture to assert, but certamly my own pet swallowed his Jersey jacket in a very gradual and de- liberate manner.—J.S. HeENsLow, Hitcham, March 11.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, June 15, 1850.
On the Habitat of Cyprea umbilicata, Sowerby. By Ronaup Gunn, Esq. Ina letter to J. E. Gray, Esq.
Mr. Gunn, the enthusiastic and intelligent naturalist in Launces- ton, Van Diemen’s Land, from whom we have received so many pro- ductions of that island, has most kindly sent to the British Museum a fine specimen of the above shell, which was described by Mr. Sow- erby in the Appendix to the Tankerville Catalogue. Mr. Gunn in his letter observes :—
“*Cowries, found upon the east shore of Barren Island, one of Hun- ter’s islands, N.W. of Van Diemen’s Land. Considerable numbers of the dead shell of this species were to be seen lying upon a deep bed of the dead shells of a species of Pectunculus.
**T will send you a Cowry which is new: it is most closely allied to Cyprea eximia of Strzelecki, ‘Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land ;’ at all events it is not figured in Reeve’s monograph of the genus. It is larger than C. eximia. Iam not perfectly clear that it will prove to be the same; if so, it will corroborate an opinion which I have some time held, that the C. ezi- mia was not a fossil, but carried inland by the aborigines, and fell from near the surface to the position in which it was said to be found.” —From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for Nov. 1849.
GLYCERIA PEDICELLATA.
It is of importance to notice, that in my paper “On a supposed new species of Glyceria”’ in the ‘ Annals’ for February 1850, I erro- neously conjectured the identity of my Gl. pedicellata with Gl. pli- cataa, of Mr. Purchas. Having examined some authentic specimens from that botanist, I find that Gl. pedicellata must be referred to his Gl. fluitans B 2.
I shall suppress any further remarks that I might at present feel inclined to make on these plants, in the hopes of shortly arriving at more certain knowledge.—F. TowNnsEND.
Meteorological Observations. 71
Supplementary Note to Mr. R. Jones’s paper on Fossil Entomostraca.
Mr. J. Brown, of Stanway, informs me that he has lately found some specimens of Candona reptans in a freshwater deposit at Ed- wardstone in Suffolk.—T. R. J.
Erratum in Mr. Owen's Notes on the Hippopotamus.
Vol. v. p. 515. Instead of 350 miles above Cairo, it should have been 1350 miles.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY: 1850.
Chiswick—May 1, Cloudy andcold. 2. Fine: clear: frosty. 3. Clear: very dry air: overcast : sharp frost at night. 4. Fine: showery. 5. Cloudy: some angular hail at6 e.m. 6. Constant rain. 7,8. Drizzly. 9. Heavy clouds: fine: clear, 10, Clear: cloudy. 11. Fine. 12. Slight shower: fine. 13. Fine: very dry air: rain at night. 14, Cloudyand fine. 15. Fine: cloudy: clear and frosty. 16. Fine. 17. Overcast. 18. Foggy: rain: cloudy. 19, Very fine: cloudy. 20. Uniformly overcast: fine: clear. 21. Fine: cloudless: overcast : rain, 22. Rain: clear atnight. 23. Cloudy: clear. 24. Slight fog: dry haze. 25. Cloudy: fine: showery. 26. Showery: overcast. 27. Cloudy: overcast. 28. Fine: showery: clear. 29. Cloudy and fine. 30, Foggy: dry haze : clear. 31. Fine: slightly clouded.
Mean temperature of the month .......... nodighobosnadcaccoun 1°14 Mean temperature of May 1849 .........sessseseececes sorcery 55° °19 Mean temperature of May for the last twenty-three years . 54 °22 Average amount of rain In May — .........cessssccccecesescsoos 1°84 inch,
Boston.—May 1. Cloudy. 2,3. Fine. 4. Cloudy: rainearly a.m. 5. Cloudy : “ raine.m. 6. Cloudy: raina.m. 7, 8 Rain: rain a.m. and p.m. 9. Rain: rain A.M. 10,11. Cloudy. 12,13. Fine. 14. Rain a.m.ande.m. 15. Rain: raina.M. 16. Fine. 17—19. Cloudy. 20. Rain: rain a.m. 21. Cloudy, 22. Cloudy: raina.m. 23. Fine. 24, Fine: rain p.m. 25,26. Cloudy: rain a.m. 27. Cloudy: rain a.m. and p.m. 28. Fine. 29. Cloudy: rain p.m. 30. Fine. 31. Cloudy.
Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire-—May 1. Slight frost: very cold east wind. 2. Slight frost: wind changed to west p.m. 93. Frost still: slight shower p.m. 4. Cold and ungenial: one sharp shower. 5. Frost: fall of snow: hills white. 6. Frost: clear and cold. 7. Frost hard: is this May? 8. Cloudy a.m.: hail: rainp.M. 9. Frost hard again: most unseasonable. 10. Heavy rain : cleared p.m. 11. Rain in the night; slight shower a.m. 12. Occasional sharp showers, 13. Cold: fair and clear. 14. Fairand clear: keen and cold p.m. 15. Frost again: hail: keen and cold. 16. No frost: cloudy: mild. 17. Fine: cloudy: mild. 18. Fine: air feels moist. 19. Shower in the night: cold eastr.m. 20. Parch- ing cold east wind. 2]. Warm and sultry: change great. 22. Very warm: thunder and heavy rain. 23. Very warm: thunder: a few drops, 24. Very warm : fair and fine. 25. Soft rain all day: genial and growing. 26. Soft rain all day: blessed change of weather. 27. Rain: fairp.m. 28, 29. Fair through- out: fine. 30. Fine: thunder: shower. 31. Fine: thunder: a few drops.
Mean temperature of the month .........+0++++. Soeiceeaehecenres 49°] Mean temperature of May 1849 ........scescoeseeceseee eossoees 50 '5 Mean temperature of May for the last twenty-eight years ... 51 *1 Average rain in May for twenty years .......ecsecssseeesecees 1°69 inch.
Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—May 1. Clear: fine. 2. Fine: clear. 3, Showers: sleet-showers. 4. Hail: snow-showers. 5. Snow: snow-showers. 6. Clear: drops. 7. Clear: showers. 8. Damp: clear. 9. Frost: clear: cloudy. 10. Cloudy: drops. 11. Showers: hail-showers. 12, Showers: sleet-showers. 13. Bright: rain: clear. 14. Clear: rain: clear. 15. Bright: cloudy. 16. Damp. 17. Vine. 18. Cloudy: fog. 19. Hazy. 20. Bright. 21. Bright: showers: fog. 22. Fine: fog. 23. Cloudy. 24. Hazy; fog. 25, Hazy: rain. 26, Hazy. 27, Cloudy: fine. 28—31. Bright: fine.
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MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[SECOND SERIES. |
No. 32. AUGUST 1850.
VIL.—Chronological Exposition of the Periods of Vegetation and the different Floras which have successively occupied the surface of the Earth. By M. AvoteuE Bronenrart*.
Ir, after having studied fossil plants in regard to their organiza- tion, so as to determine their relations to the vegetation now existing, without attending to the geological position they occupy, we compare the different forms which have inhabited the surface of the earth at different epochs of its formation, we shall perceive that great differences present themselves in the nature of the vegetables which have been successively developed, and have re- placed those destroyed by the revolutions of the globe and the changes in the physical condition of its surface.
These are not merely specific differences, slight modifications of the same types ; more frequently they are profound differences, in such sort that new genera or families take the place of genera and families destroyed and completely distinct; or a numerous and varied family is reduced to a few species, whilst another, poorly represented by a few rare individuals, becomes all at once numerous and predominant.
This is what strikes us most commonly in passing from one geological formation to another ; but in considering these trans- formations collectively, a more general and more important result presents itself in an unmistakeable manner, namely the predo- minance in the most ancient times of Acrogenous Cryptogamic plants (Ferns and Lycopodiacez) ; later, the predominance of Gymnospermous Dicotyledons (Cycadeze ‘and Conifer ee) without the admixture yet of a single Angiospermous Dicotyledon ; finally, during the cretaceous formation, the appearance and soon the predominance of Angiospermous plants, both Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. These very remarkable differences in the
* From the Ann. des Sc. Naturelles, Botanique, 3 Sér. vol. xi. p. 285, May and June 1849. Translated by Arthur Henfrey, F.L.S. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.2. Vol. vi. 6
74 M, Brongniart on the different Floras which
composition of the vegetation of the earth, to which I called at- tention long ago, and which all recent observations, properly appreciated, appear to me to confirm, show that we may divide the long series of ages which have presided over this successive birth of the different forms of the vegetable kingdom, into three long periods, which I shall denominate, the reign of the Acro- gens, that of the Gymnosperms, and that of the Angiosperms.
These expressions merely indicate the successive predominance of each of these three great divisions of the vegetable kingdom, and not the entire exclusion of the others ; thus in the two first, the Acrogens and the Gymnosperms exist simultaneously, only the former prevail at first over the latter in number and in size, while in the later period the converse holds. But durimg these two reigns, Angiospermous plants appear to be wholly absent, or are only announced by a few rare signs, doubtful and very dif- ferent from existing forms, marking moreover the presence of a few Monocotyledons rather than that of Angiospermous Dicoty- ledons.
Each of these three reigns thus characterized by the predo- minance of one of the great divisions of the vegetable kingdom, is commonly subdivided into several periods, during which forms very analogous, belonging to the same families and often to the same genera, are perpetuated; then these periods themselves comprise several epochs, during which vegetation does not appear to have undergone any notable changes. But im many cases we are still without materials for establishing these last subdivisions with precision, either from the fact that the exact geological position of the strata which inclose the impressions of the plants is not well determined, or that the mode of distribution of the species of plants in the different layers of the same formation, has not been carefully made out. I doubt not therefore that these different epochs, during which the vegetation las preserved its characters in an invariable manner, will be multiplied much more considerably than can be done in the actual state of our knowledge, when carefully collected materials have been brought together in greater abundance.
For the moment, I believe the following general division may be admitted :—
I. REren oF THE ACROGENS. 1. Carboniferous Period.
(Not divisible into distinct epochs in the existing state of knowledge.) Mai 2. Permian Pertod.
(Forming but one epoch.)
have successively occupied the surface of the Earth. 7%
Il. Rerten or THE GYMNOSPERMS.
3. Vosgesian Period. (Constituting a single epoch.)
4. Jurassic Period.
iKeupric epoch. Oolitic epoch. Liassic epoch. Wealden epoch.
III. Reten or tHe ANGIOSPERMS.
5. Cretacean Period. Sabcretacean epoch. Cretacean epoch. Fucoidian epoch.
6. Tertiary Period. Eocene epoch. Miocene epoch. Pliocene epoch.
In reviewing these different epochs, I shall enumerate the different species of fossil plants which have been observed in the formations corresponding to them. In the carboniferous period, [ shall only indicate the genera and the approximative number of species comprised in each of these genera, the characters of the vegetation of this period being strongly marked and resting essentially on the nature of the genera. The number of species, especially in those genera rich in species, cannot be established very accurately, because many of the species described by authors often require a fresh examination in order to suppress synonyms, and because even many of these species have only been indicated by names and have not yet been described or figured. In the other periods I shall give, as far as possible, the complete list of described species belonging to each particular epoch, because the same genera are not unfrequently perpetuated through several successive epochs, the differences depending in great part on specific distinctions.
I. Reren or THE ACROGENS.
The great predominance of the Acrogenous division, and in particular of the families of Ferns and Lycopodiacez, the con- siderable number of species of the first of these families, the great development of the plants of the second, and the arbores- cent form of the Lepidodendron, form part of the most striking characters of this epoch; but we must nevertheless add the presence of families, altogether anomalous, which we arrange in the Gymnospermous division, but which differ in an evident manner from the actually existing families of this division. These families ceased to exist at the close of this reign of the
6*