The
PAN-PACIFIC
ENTOMOLOGIST
Volume 71 October 1995 Number 4
Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (ISSN 0031-0603)
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 199-203, (1995)
A NEW ANAGRUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE), EGG PARASITOID OF PROKELISIA SPP. (HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE)
SERGUEY V. TRJAPITZIN! AND DONALD R. STRONG?
1Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, California 94923
Abstract.—Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, is described and illustrated on the basis of a type-series from California and Florida. This species is a common egg parasitoid of the planthopper Prokelisia marginata (Van Duzee) that feeds on salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, in salt marshes along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts of the United States, and S. foliosa Trinius on the Pacific Coast. The new species also parasitizes eggs of P. dolus Wilson in Florida. Differences in the biology as well as variability of some morphological characters of A. sophiae are discussed based on a comparative study of the two populations from California and Florida. The new species is compared with A. delicatus Dozier.
Key Words.—Insecta, Delphacidae, Prokelisia spp., Mymaridae, Anagrus sophiae NEW SPE- CIES, egg parasitoid
The sibling planthopper species of Prokelisia (Homoptera: Delphacidae), P. marginata (Van Duzee) and P. dolus Wilson, are common phloem feeders of the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Poaceae) in estuaries on the Atlantic sea- board and the Gulf of Mexico. In California, P. marginata feeds upon the native cordgrass S. foliosa Trinius, which is distributed as far north as Bodega Bay in Sonoma Co. The host planthoppers and their egg parasitoid Anagrus sophiae new species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are also found on S. alterniflora that was introduced into San Francisco Bay in the mid 1970s (Daehler & Strong 1994). Probably because of the lack of native Spartina species in estuaries north of Bodega Bay, neither A. sophiae nor its host planthopper species occur upon the introduced populations of S. alterniflora at Florence, Oregon, or in Willapa Bay and Puget Sound, Washington.
A. sophiae new species (= A. delicatus Dozier of authors, misidentification) is a common egg parasitoid of Prokelisia planthoppers (Stiling & Strong 1982, An- tolin & Strong 1987, Cronin & Strong 1990). A. sophiae has an extremely dis- tinctive geographical distribution, very long and narrow, that rings North America in marine salt marshes where its hosts occur. Our study of this parasitoid has demonstrated that it represents a distinct morphospecies of Anagrus different from A. delicatus. The latter species was originally described by Dozier (1936) from a single female specimen (holotype) and a male allotype swept from along a creek bed near Elizabethtown, Illinois.
Investigative responsibilities have been divided between authors such that Trja- pitzin worked on taxonomic aspects and Strong provided natural history infor- mation about the new species. Terminology for morphological features is that of Chiappini (1989). Measurements are given in micrometers (wm), with the mean followed, in parentheses, by the range.
200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Depositories.— Abbreviations for depositories are: CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; INHS, Illinois Natural History Survey, Centralia; UCRC, University of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. An abbreviation used in the description is: F = fu- nicular (flagellar in males) segment.
ANAGRUS SOPHIAE S. TRJAPITZIN, NEW SPECIES
Types.—Holotype: female, labelled: 1. “Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin HO- LOTYPE female’’; 2. “USA. FLORIDA. WAKULLA Co.: Oyster Bay, Dec. 1988, D. Strong, ex. Prokelisia marginata on Spartina alterniflora’’. Holotype deposited in USNM. Paratypes: USA. FLORIDA. WAKULLA Co.: same data as holotype, 2 females, 1 male [UCRC]; same data, 1 female, 1 male [CNCI]; same data, 1 male [USNM]; same data but Mar 1981, 1 female, 1 male [USNM]. CALIFOR- NIA. SAN FRANCISCO Co.: San Bruno Marsh, behind SamTrans bus terminal, Jul 1992, D. Strong, Prokelisia marginata on Spartina alterniflora, 3 females, 1 male [UCRC]; same data, 1 female [CNCI]; same data, 1 female [USNM].
Female.—(n = 10) Color: body light brown; with head, F2-F6, club, mesoscutum, and metasomal terga usually slightly darker; eyes dark brown. Head: about as wide as mesosoma or slightly narrower. Antenna (Fig. 1) sparsely setose, moderately short for genus; pedicel slightly more than 2 x as long as Fl which is shortest of funicle; F2 longest of funicle; F3 and F4 subequal, without sensory ridges; F5 shorter than F3, F4, or F6, generally without sensory ridges, but sometimes with a small sensory ridge in some specimens; F6 slightly shorter than F2 but longer than F3-F5, bearing two sensory ridges; club with five sensory ridges. Mesosoma: 0.62 (0.53-0.69) x as long as metasoma. Mesoscutum with a pair of setae near notaulices. Forewing (Fig. 2) slightly shorter than body; 10.0 (9.2-10.6) x longer than wide; with three to five irregular rows of setae at broadest part, setae uniformly distributed on disk. Lengths of distal and proximal macrochaetae in ratio 2.4:1 (1.8-2.8:1). Marginal fringe with longest cilia more than 3 x but less than 4x the wing width. Hindwing disk asetose except a complete row of small setae along posterior margin and another incomplete row along anterior margin on distal half. Metasoma: Ovipositor moderately long, generally markedly exserted beyond apex of metasoma, but in Californian specimens only slightly exserted. Ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its exserted part 9:1 (5—15:1). External plates of ovipositor each with three setae. Ovipositor: foretibia ratio 3.1:1 (2.7-—3.8:1). Measurements. — Body: 743 (646-796) wm; Head: 117 (95-133) um; Mesosoma: 234 (198-275) wm; Metasoma: 378 (338-403) wm; Ovipositor: 363 (293-445) um. Antenna: Scape: 73 (63-76) um; Pedicel: 42 (38-46) um; F1: 20 (17-23) wm; F2: 54 (49-61) wm; F3: 46 (38-53) um; F4: 47 (40-55) um; FS: 44 (38-51) wm; F6: 51 (46-59) um; Club: 98 (91-103) um. Forewing: Length: 548 (494-597) wm; Width: 55 (48-65) um; Venation: 165 (152-179) um; Marginal vein: 46 (42-53) um; Hypochaeta: 34 (32-38) um; Proximal macrochaeta: 33 (27—42) um; Distal macrochaeta: 76 (68- 84) um; Longest marginal cilia: 202 (186-217) wm. Hindwing: Length: 515 (471-567) um; Width: 19 (15-22) um; Venation: 142 (133-152) um; Longest marginal cilia: 144 (133-152) um. Legs: Given as Femur, Tibia, Tarsus: Fore legs: 114 (106-124) um, 117 (109-125) wm, 152 (137-160); Middle legs: 96 (91-103) um, 160 (146-175) wm, 137 (122-148) um; Hind legs: 101 (91-108) um, 191 (171-209) um, 160 (152-167) um.
Male.—(n = 5) Similar to female except general body coloration slightly lighter; forewing usually slightly wider (length : width ratio 9.1:1 (8.8-10.0:1), with disk more densely setose than in female. Genitalia typical for incarnatus species group (Chiappini 1989). Measurements.— Body: 675 (570- 760) wm. Antenna: Scape: 68 (61-72) um; Pedicel: 42 (41-42) um; F1: 38 (34-43) wm; F2: 56 (49- 63) wm; F3: 53 (48-57) wm; F4: 54 (49-57) wm; F5: 54 (48-59) wm; F6: 54 (49-58) wm; F7: 54 (49- 57) wm; F8: 55 (49-61) um; F9: 56 (49-61) um; F10: 56 (51-61) wm; F11: 57 (51-65) um. Forewing: Length: 587 (532-608) um; Width: 64 (53-68) um. Genitalia: 150 (129-163) um.
Diagnosis.— This species is easily distinguished from all other described Ne- arctic species (1.e., 4. armatus (Ashmead), A. columbi Perkins, A. delicatus Dozier, A. epos Girault, A. nigriventris Girault, A. nigriceps Girault, A. puella Girault, and
1995 TRJAPITZIN & STRONG: A NEW ANAGRUS 201
Figures 1-2. Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, female paratype [UCRC]. 1. Antenna; 2. Forewing. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
A. takeyanus Gordh) of the incarnatus group of Anagrus s. str., as defined by Chiappini (1989), by the lack of sensory ridges on F4 of the female antenna. A. sophiae also differs from A. delicatus Dozier by a combination of the following morphological features: relatively short antennae (long in A. delicatus); mesos- cutum with a pair of setae near notaulices (apparently absent in A. delicatus), external plates of ovipositor each with three setae (two in A. delicatus); and much lower ovipositor: foretibia ratio (about 4.7:1 in A. delicatus). The latter species will be redescribed and illustrated by the senior author in a separate paper. Etymology. —The specific name “‘sophiae”’ meaning “‘wise” was chosen to de- scribe the astute oviposition behavior of this insect (Cronin & Strong 1993).
202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Material Examined.—A. sophiae new species: see types. Additional specimens: same data as ho- lotype, 2 females, 2 males, parts mounted for scanning electron microscopy [UCRC]. A. delicatus Dozier: Holotype female on slide labelled: 1. ““Anagrus delicatus Dozier Holotype female SL. 12927 I.N.H.S”; 2. “‘Anagrus delicatus Dozier female Swept from vegetation in bed of creek. Elizabethtown, Ill. Aug. 5-1932 H. L. Dozier” [[NHS].
COMMENTS
Anagrus sophiae new species belongs to the incarnatus species group of the subgenus Anagrus s. str. whose females are characterized by the following two morphological features: five sensory ridges on the club, and external plates of the Ovipositor each with two or three setae (Chiappini 1989). Unlike the majority of species from this group, which have the ratio of lengths of the two macrochaetae on forewing venation lower than 2.0:1, this ratio in A. sophiae is generally slightly greater than 2.0:1.
The comparative study of some morphological characters in specimens of A. sophiae collected in California (San Francisco Bay, San Francisco Co.) and Florida (Oyster Bay, Wakulla Co.) has shown that considerable difference exists between these two populations. The examined female Californian specimens (n = 5) of the new species are characterized by generally smaller body size and a combination of the following morphological features: antenna with shorter funicular segments, ovipositor length 315 (293-331) um, ovipositor: foretibia ratio 2.8:1 (2.7—2.9:1), ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its exserted part 12:1 (10-15:1); con- trasting with the specimens collected in Florida (n = 5) which havelonger funicular segments of female antenna, ovipositor length 410 (350-445) um, ovipositor: foretibia ratio 3.4:1 (2.9-3.8:1), and ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its exserted part 6:1 (5—8:1). No significant difference has been found in proportions of funicular segments of female antenna between the populations from these two localities.
Despite the existing differences of the above-mentioned morphological char- acters in the two populations of A. sophiae, the reasons for which are not clear, we have very little doubt that the parasitoids of Prokelisia spp. from California and Florida belong to the same species of Anagrus. Both populations share the same or very closely related insect and plant hosts found in the similar habitats. Further, considerable intraspecific variation in body size, as well as in some other morphological features such as length of ovipositor, are not uncommon among the species of Anagrus and some other genera of the Mymaridae. For instance, considerable morphological differences on a host or geographical basis are known in A. flaveolus Waterhouse (Claridge et al. 1988; E. Chiappini, S. V. Trjapitzin & A. Donev, unpublished data) and A. nigriventris Girault (SVT, unpublished data).
Conducting cross-breeding experiments between individuals from these two populations of the new species would be very helpful to complement our mor- phological study and demonstrate conclusively that the two populations belong indeed to only one species. However, the existing differences in the type of re- production between the two populations of 4. sophiae make such experiments very difficult to conduct: whereas the Floridian population reproduces by arrhen- otoky (Cronin & Strong 1990), the Californian population displays thelytoky, with no males found in the natural population and no mating occurring in laboratory cultures (DRS, unpublished data). Again, such differences in the biology of Anag- rus species are not unusual. For instance, Claridge et al. (1988) reported that
1995 TRJAPITZIN & STRONG: A NEW ANAGRUS 203
different populations of A. perforator (Perkins) are arrhenotokous in Sri Lanka, but thelytokous in the Philippines. According to Claridge et al. (1988), populations of A. optabilis (Perkins) from Philippines and Sri Lanka are thelytokous, whereas Japanese populations of this species reproduce by both gamogenesis and arrhen- otokous parthenogenesis (Sahad & Hirashima 1984). Furthermore, Asian A. op- tabilis show different morphological characters of larvae from those of Hawaii (Sahad & Hirashima 1984).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Kathleen Methven (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign) for lending us the holotype of A. delicatus and Tatiana M. Tretiakova for technical assistance. Comments by anonymous reviewers improved the final draft.
LITERATURE CITED
Antolin, M. F. & D. R. Strong. 1987. Long-distance dispersal by a parasitoid (Anagrus delicatus, Mymaridae) and its host. Oecologia, 73: 288-292.
Chiappini, E. 1989. Review of the European species of the genus Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachicolt., Ser. II, 21: 85-119.
Claridge, M. F., L. C. Claridge & J. C. Morgan. 1988. Anagrus egg parasitoids of rice-feeding planthoppers. pp. 617-621. Jn Vidano, C. & A. Arzone (eds.). Proceedings of the 6th Auchen- orrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, September 7-11, 1987.
Cronin, J. T. & D. R. Strong. 1990. Biology of Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 83: 846-854.
Cronin, J. T. & D. R. Strong. 1993. Substantially submaximal oviposition rates by a mymarid egg parasitoid in the laboratory and field. Ecology, 74: 1813-1825.
Daehler, C. C. & D. R. Strong. 1994. Variable reproductive output among clones of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) invading San Francisco Bay, California: the influence of herbivory, pol- lination, and establishment site. Am. J. Bot., 81(3): 307-313.
Dozier, H. L. 1936. Several undescribed mymarid egg-parasites of the genus Anagrus Haliday. Proc. Haw. Entomol. Soc., 9(2): 175-178.
Sahad, K. A. & Y. Hirashima. 1984. Taxonomic studies on the genera Gonatocerus Nees and Anagrus Haliday of Japan and adjacent regions, with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae). Bull. Inst. Trop. Agric., Kyushu Univ., 7: 1-78.
Stiling, P. D. & D. R. Strong. 1982. Parasitoids of the planthopper, Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Fla. Entomol., 65: 191-192.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 204-208, (1995)
A NEW SPECIES OF POECILANTHRAX FROM CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE)
J. ANDREW CALDERWOOD
Exhibits Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California 93105
Abstract.—A new species of the bombyliid genus Poecilanthrax Osten Sacken is described from Santa Barbara, California, P. brachypus NEW SPECIES, bringing the total number of species in the genus to 39. This species is best distinguished from its closest relative, P. alpha Osten Sacken, by the front tarsi.
Key Words.—Insecta, Diptera, Bombyliidae, Poecilanthrax brachypus NEW SPECIES, tarsus, California
A new species of the bombyliid genus Poecilanthrax Osten Sacken, 1886 has recently been discovered in the mountains north of Santa Barbara, California. Since the genus was last revised (Painter and Hall 1960), one species, mexicanus Painter, 1969, and one subspecies, moffiti pallidifrons Evenhuis, 1977 have been described. This brings the total number of species and subspecies in the genus to 39.
To ease comparison, terminology is the same as in Painter and Hall (1960), except genitalia, which follows Hull (1973).
POECILANTHRAX BRACHYPUS CALDERWOOD NEW SPECIES
Types. —Holotype, male; data: CALIFORNIA. SANTA BARBARA Co.: Upper Oso Campground, 12 Sep 1993, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: California Academy of the Sciences, San Francisco, CAS Type no. 17182. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 10 males, 1 female; deposited: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural His- tory and in the author’s collection, both Santa Barbara; same locality as holotype, 13 Sep 1992, 3 males, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: JAC collection; same locality as holotype, 6 Sep 1992, 2 males, Rick Rogers; Sage Hill Campground, Aliso Loop Trail, 2 Sep 1992, 2 males, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: JAC collection.
Description. — Male: body length 11-15 mm, wing length 12-17 mm (15.2 + 1.05 mm). Front and face pale yellow, vertex and occiput black. Eyes separated by 2x width of ocellar tubercle. Hair of face white, at apex of oral margin yellow, a few black hairs may be present; front with hair yellow on lower one-half, black above, a small patch of downward-appressed tomentum above antennae. Pro- boscis black, palps orange with white hair. Basal antennal segment produced medially at apex, orange with black hair dorsally, yellow hair ventrally; segment II orange; segment III black, as long as segments I and II combined. Occiput with pale yellow, tightly appressed tomentum, more dense along eye margin; fringe of short, erect hair along margin of excavation white; vertex bare but for a median ridge of black hair; ocellar triangle with black and yellow hair. Propleuron, upper one-half of meso- pleuron, posterior metasternum, scutellum (excluding base) and legs (except base of procoxae) orange in ground color, rest of thorax black. Disk of mesonotum with short black hairs, posterior one-third and margins of mesonotum yellow pilose; tomentum yellow, covering most of mesonotum; bristles yellow. Pleural pile pale yellow to white; legs with bristles black, scales yellow, coxae entirely white pilose. Front tarsi stout, four terminal segments especially short, together shorter than basal segment as measured along venter (Fig. 1 A); basal segment thicker at base than length of segment III, bearing dense coat of stiff, proclinate bristles on basal one-half, thicker below. Basicosta with yellow scales
1995 CALDERWOOD: A NEW POECILANTHRAX 205
1mm I 1
Figure 1. Front tarsi of Poecilanthrax brachypus and P. alpha (lateral views). A. P. brachypus male. B. P. brachypus female. C. P. alpha male. D. P. alpha female.
and black hair; wing (Fig. 2) narrow, infuscated over most of its surface, including along all veins; color not sharply defined, infuscations dark gray with tan at base and along major veins; spots darker at r-m and at bases ofr4, rs, and all posterior cells; apical one-half of discal cell, first to fourth posterior cells, anal cell, and cells R2 + 3 and R4 with central sub hyaline areas; r4 and r5 connected by a crossvein, creating a third submarginal cell; third posterior cell with a spur from discal cell. Abdomen black with orange spots on lateral margins of segments II to VI, those on segments II and III largest, covering one-half to two-thirds of tergites from dorsal view; pleuron and venter of abdomen pale orange in ground color with faint, black clouds. Tufts of black pile on posterior lateral corners of segments II to VII, remainder of abdominal margin with pale, yellow pile; a band of black hairs along posterior margins of segments II to VII, broader on segment IJ; posterior band of black tomentum extending one-half way to lateral margin on segment II, usually reduced to a spot on segments III to VI, often absent beyond segment II, and on all segments giving way to orange tomentum along posterior margin; rest of abdomen clothed in pale yellow tomentum and sparse, yellow pile. Genitalia as illustrated (Fig. 3C); lateral ejaculatory apodeme fanned apically (Fig. 3B).
206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
10 mm [ee
Figure 2. Wing of Poecilanthrax brachypus.
Female: like male except: dorsal two-fifths of front red-brown in ground color; eyes separated by 3x width of ocellar tubercle. Basal 2 segments of front tarsi with dense coat of long, thin, kinky hairs on entire surface (Fig. 1B), partially replacing stout bristles found in male.
Immature stages. —Unknown.
Diagnosis. —Three submarginal cells, red propleura and procoxae, and stout front tarsi separate this fly from its congeners. The stoutness of the front tarsi is measured thus: the basal segment is thicker at its base than the length of segment IV, and is longer than the remaining segments combined (Fig. 1 A-B). Measure- ments should be made along the venter of the tarsus. In Painter and Hall (1960), this fly would key to couplet 12 where alpha (Osten Sacken), 1877 and Zionensis Johnson & Johnson, 1957 fall out. It differs from both alpha and zionensis in the form of the front tarsus which is very long and slender in those species (Fig. 1C— D). In addition, brachypus can be distinguished from alpha by the black procoxae in alpha and by the shape of the lateral ejaculatory apodeme which, in alpha (Fig. 3A), is a rough parallelogram, but is markedly fan-shaped in brachy pus (Fig. 3B). From zionensis, it differs further by the presence of black bristles before the wing and the almost entirely black pilose abdominal fringe in that species.
Variation.—The known population of brachypus shows considerable variation in wing venation. Fully seven of the 18 specimens studied bear a major variation resulting in more or fewer cells than normal.
Distribution.—Known only from Santa Barbara Co., California.
Ecology and Behavior.—The flies were collected in a canyon where hard and soft chaparral and oak woodland converge at an elevation of 300 m. Males were especially common cruising among resprouting shrubs in an area cleared by fire in June, 1992. No flower visitations were observed though the much more abun- dant Poecilanthrax pilosus were visiting the flowers of Haplopappus sp. nearby. The larvae are unknown.
Discussion. —The closest relative of brachypus is almost certainly alpha, with the presence of three submarginal cells the most conspicuous synapomorphy. Other synapomorphies are the narrow wing and the pattern of wing color which is very close in the two species and is closely allied with californicus (Cole), 1917 and its relatives. The relative position of Zionensis 1s obscure.
Poecilanthrax brachy pus is known only from the type locality. Further collecting
1995 CALDERWOOD: A NEW POECILANTHRAX 207
0.2 mm 1mm
Figure 3. Genitalia of Poecilanthrax brachypus and P. alpha. A. Right lateral ejaculatory apodeme of P. alpha (dorsal view). B. Right lateral ejaculatory apodeme of P. brachypus (dorsal view). C. Male genitalia of P. brachypus (lateral view). Abbreviation: rlea- right lateral ejaculatory apodeme.
may extend the range north into San Luis Obispo County, but it is unlikely to have been missed in the heavily collected San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tain Ranges to the southeast. Whereas alpha is known only from the mountainous regions of the West at altitudes of 700-3300 m (Painter & Hall 1960), brachypus is found at a much lower 300 m. Since much of lowland California has been greatly altered by development in one way or another, especially in the Californian Zone, it is possible that brachypus once enjoyed a much greater range.
Etymology.—The name derives from two Greek roots meaning “‘short’” and “foot,” referring to the stout front tarsi.
Material Examined. —See types.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to thank Saul Frommer, Riverside, California for the loan of specimens of P. alpha, Matt Hahn and Dennis Power for allowing me to spend time on this study, and especially Lauri Marx for her patient tutelage in illustration. Finally,
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I wish to thank my wife, Margaret Pryde, for allowing me to follow flies up distant canyons.
LITERATURE CITED
Cole, F. R. 1917. Notes on Osten Sacken’s group ‘“‘Poecilanthrax,”’ with descriptions of new species. J. New York Entomol Soc., 25: 67-80.
Evenhuis, N. L. 1977. New North American bombyliidae (Diptera) with notes on some described species. Entomol. News., 88: 121-126.
Hull. F.M. 1973. Beeflies of the world: the genera of the family bombyliidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
Johnson, D. E. & L. M. Johnson. 1957. New Poecilanthrax with notes on described species (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Great Basin Nat., 17: 1-26.
Osten Sacken, C. R. 1877. Art. XIII. Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Territories, 3: 189-354.
Painter, R. H. & J. C. Hall. 1960. A monograph of the genus Poecilanthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Agric. Exper. Stat., Kansas State Univ, Tech. Bull. 106.
Painter, R. H. & E. M. Painter. 1969. New Exoprosopinae from Mexico and Central America (Diptera: Bombyliidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 42: 5-33.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 209-216, (1995)
ROLE OF WAVELENGTH-SPECIFIC REFLECTANCE INTENSITY IN HOST SELECTION BY HETEROPSYLLA CUBANA CRAWFORD (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
ERANEO B. LAPIS! AND JOHN H. BORDEN”: 3
‘Center for Forest Pest Management and Research, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, ERDB Building, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines *Center for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
Abstract.—In a field experiment in the Philippines, ‘“‘super yellow” card traps reflecting maximally at 500-550 nm attracted significantly more adults of the exotic psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, than cards reflecting maximally above 600 nm or below 500 nm. This peak reflectance corresponded to the maximal reflectance from the psyllids’ preferred site of alightment, the young expanded leaves of the leguminous tree, Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit. The high reflectance intensity (RJ) of super yellow cards compared to the lower RIs of less preferred yellow cards suggest that both wavelength and intensity of relected light influence responses of H. cubana to its host tree. The relatively low trap catches compared to the population in the field, and the pronounced orientation observed in previous experiments to the odor of visually-obscured L. leucocephala seedlings, suggests that olfaction is more important than vision in host selection by H. cubana.
Key words. —Insecta, Heteropsylla cubana, Leucaena leucocephala, host selection.
Host selection by phytophagous insects is governed by physical and chemical characteristics of their host (Harris & Miller 1983, Owens & Prokopy 1986, Nottingham 1987, Thiery & Visser 1987). Many studies have demonstrated that insects are highly discriminating while foraging for food or oviposition sites using visual or olfactory stimuli (Todd et al. 1990, Aluja & Prokopy 1993).
Of the potential visual cues, color is the most studied. Most insects respond positively to spectral reflectance ranging from 350-650 nm (Menzel 1979). Ca- ribbean fruitflies, Anastre pha sus pensa (Loew), are attracted by orange and yellow, the colors of many fruits that they attack (Greany et al. 1977). Initial landings of the aleyrodid, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, appear unrelated to the suit- ability of the plant as a host, but are strongly related to color (Vaishampayan et al. 1975). In their flight phase, adults orient towards the sky which reflects at 400 nm but tend to land on green plants that reflect maximally at 550 nm (Coombe 1982). Whiteflies and aphids show strong landing responses to yellow-reflecting surfaces (Kring 1972), as in green leaves that reflect peaks in the yellow portion of the visible light spectrum.
Following its introduction into many South Pacific and Southeast Asian coun- tries, the psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a native of Central America, has killed and severely debilitated Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit, a le-
3 Reprint requests to J. H. Borden.
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guminous tree of major economic and social importance (Chouinard 1983). One possibility for the resurrection of L. /eucocephalaas a significant species for forestry and agro-forestry is the development of resistance to the psyllid (Sorensson & Brewbaker 1986, 1987). Lapis & Borden (1992) found that on L. leucocephala the psyllid caused far less height growth, lateral growth, and biomass accumulation than on a resistant species, L. collinsii Britton & Rose. Lapis & Borden (1993a) observed an olfactory preference by the psyllid for the former over the latter species. Moreover, on L. collinsii there was 46-63% less oviposition, 67% lower nymphal survival, smaller adult size, and in total > 90% fewer adults produced than on L. leucocephala (Lapis & Borden 1993b).
To date, no research has addressed the role of vision in host preference by H. cubana. Our objective was to determine if color could influence the differential preference displayed by H. cubana adults for L. leucocephala over L. collinsii.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chrome-line card traps, 10 x 15 cm (Phero Tech Inc., Delta, B.C.) of the following colors were compared for their relative attractiveness to adult H. cubana in the field: non-UV white, blue, bright yellow, orange yellow and super yellow, which is fluorescent. Visible wavelength reflectance curves for the five colored board traps are shown in Fig. 1. The differently colored cards were randomly hung vertically, evenly spaced 0.6 m apart, from a horizontal string suspended 1.5 m above ground and approximately 1 m away from the nearest vegetation inside an infested stand of L. leucocephala in Los Bafios, Philippines. The stand was dom- inated by coppiced trees approximately 2 m high with a sparse overstory of trees 6 m high. After 24 h, the traps were collected and the numbers of captured adults were counted under a dissecting microscope. The experiment was replicated 36 times over nine days, with four randomized block replications per day. In five of these days, the numbers of males and females caught were also counted seperately.
Reflectance measurements on leaves of the two Leucaena spp. were made using a Cary 17 recording spectrophotometer on leaves laid side by side, but overlapping to provide a suitable reflecting surface, 1.e., 15 unexpanded young leaves, seven fully expanded leaves just proximal to the unexpanded leaves, and three mature leaves two positions proximal to the latter. Each leaf for the composit sample was taken from a different plant. The side by side leaves were imobilized between 24 x 50 mm glass slides. Only the upper leaf surface light reflectance was measured. The reflectance intensities (RI) of visible light (350-700 nm), the total light of a specific or defined band of wavelengths reflected from the leaf surfaces (Vernon 1986), were compared with a magnesium oxide standard curve (= 100% reflec- tance). The same standard was used to derive the curves in Fig. 1.
The trap catch data were transformed using \/(x + 0.5) and the data for all the experimental days were tested for homogeneity of variance before analyzing the means by ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (Gomez & Gomez 1984). Data on response to color by sex were tested for homogeneity of ratio before testing by x? for a fixed-ratio hypothesis.
RESULTS
Flying adult H. cubana showed a hierarchical preference for card traps colored super yellow, orange yellow, bright yellow, white and blue, in descending order
1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 211
120
SY 100 WI
So ee 80
60 OY
4
PERCENT REFLECTANCE oO
20 ——— 2
400 500 600 700 WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 1. Spectral reflectance curves of 5 Chrome-line card traps; SY = super yellow, WT = non- UV white, BY = bright yellow, OY = orange yellow, BL = blue. Data obtained from Phero Tech Inc., Delta, B.C.
(Fig. 2). There were no significant differences in the responses of males and females to the different colored traps (x*, P > 0.05).
The reflectance intensities (RI) of the leaves differed between ages and between Leucaena spp. (Fig. 3). The fully expanded leaf of L. leucocephala had the highest overall RI of 51%, followed by the unexpanded leaf at 47%. In comparison, the maximum RI of the fully expanded young and unexpanded leaves of L. collinsii were 46.5% and 46% respectively, slightly lower than that of L. leucocephala. The mature leaf of L. collinsii had a maximum RI of 41.5%, higher than that of L. leucocephala at 34%.
Leaves of all ages of both species reflected maximally at similar wavelengths, 1.e., 550 nm (yellow). There was a pronounced rise in reflectance beginning at about 500 nm (Fig. 3), coinciding with a steep rise in reflectance of the most preferred super yellow cards (Fig. 1). The rise in reflectance at 500 nm was steeper and the peak at 550 nm was higher in the most vulnerable young leaves of L. leucocephala than in those of L. collinsii (Fig. 3). As the leaves matured, the yellow peak became less pronounced.
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Pd ‘ion 7eLL iT BELL
Figure 2. Numbers of adult H. cubana caught on colored Chrome-line card traps of different light reflectances. Bars topped by the same letters are not significantly different, Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05. (SY = super yellow; OY = orange yellow; BY = bright yellow; WT = non-UV white; BL = blue).
DISCUSSION
Our results suggest that both wavelength-specific (color) preference and reflec- tance intensity (RJ) influence the attraction of H. cubana in the field (Figs. 1-3). Traps of yellow hue were preferred by adult H. cubana compared with blue and white, but maximum preference (Fig. 2) occurred for super yellow at 510 nm with the highest RI of 110%) (Fig. 1). In the onion maggot, Delia antiqua Meigen, Ishikawa et al. (1985) found vivid yellow (572 nm), with a RI peak of 40% to be six times more attractive than pale yellow (576 nm), with a RI peak of 20%. Vernon (1986) showed violet or blue (400-470 nm) with a peak RI above 30% to be much more attractive to D. antiqua than the same spectral wavelength below a RI of 30%. This could explain, in part, why alighting adult H. cubana congregate on the young leaves and shoots of leucaena, which have higher RI than old mature leaves (Fig. 3). Prokopy & Owens (1983) noted that some aphids are most attracted to highly reflective young developing leaves, and brightness has also been dem- onstrated to be a key factor in the positive responses to color by grasshoppers
1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 213
YOUNG EXPANDED LEAF
PERCENT REFLECTANCE
MATURE LEAF
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 3. Spectral reflectance curves of young-expanded, young unexpanded, and mature leaves of L. leucocephala (solid line) and L. collinsii (dashed line).
(Kong et al. 1980) and the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Dapsis & Ferro 1983).
It is surprising that relatively few adults were caught on the traps when there were thousands of adult psyllids on the host trees during the experiment. The low numbers of captured H. cubana may be due to the small number of adults dis- persing during the experiment. Moreover, those that were caught were flying within
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the host canopy and probably did not easily distinguish between the cards and the foliage. For aphids, Kennedy et al. (1961) suggested that the primary function of plant color is to distinguish plants from the sky. They found that the predom- inantly long-wave emission from both leaves and soils (= 540-560 nm) contrasts sharply with shorter wavelengths of the light from clear or clouded skies (< 500 nm). Coombe (1982) showed that the whitefly, 7. vaporarorium, is more likely to take off when illuminated with shorter (400 nm) than longer (550 nm) wave- lengths, which stimulate the whiteflies to land (Coombe 1981). Even to the human eye, the young expanded leaves of L. leucocephala are more yellow in color than those of L. collinsii, while mature leaves of L. leucocephala appear to be darker green than those of L. collinsii. Thus the reflectance of young expanded leaves, which peaked at about 550 nm (Fig. 3) probably allows alighting psyllids to distinguish between species, as well as to avoid older leaves. The reflectance of shorter wavelengths from older leaves could have interferred with a landing re- sponse. This hypothesis would explain the low response to white and blue cards (Figs. 1, 2). Similarly, Judd et al. (1988) found ultraviolet reflectance to interfere with response by D. antiqua to reflectance between 350 and 400 nm.
The low numbers of adults caught suggest that color is a weak stimulus for host selection by H. cubana, and that other stimuli (e.g., host odor) play a greater role. Beck (1965) concluded that color by itself probably does not account for an insect’s host specificity, although it frequently influences early stages of orientation to the host. In addition, Thorsteinson (1960) found shape, size and color to be “‘too variable and lacking the identifiable uniqueness required to explain the obvious discriminatory power of insects.” The superiority of odor over color in host selection by H. cubana was demonstrated in an experiment in which plants were caged outdoors in such a manner as to obstruct color perception by the psyllids. In this experiment adult H. cubana preferentially oriented in large numbers to cages containing the more susceptible L. /eucocephala than to cages holding either the less susceptible L. collinsii or a non-host leguminous plant (Lapis & Borden 1993a). Prokopy & Owens (1983) cautioned that plant spectral quality is unlikely to constitute a host-plant specific character for herbivorous insects because of its similarity among most plants, with some exceptions, e.g., red and green cotton plants (Stephens 1957), red and green Brussels sprouts (Dunn & Kempton 1976) and red and green cabbage (Prokopy et al. 1983). Because of its ability to dis- criminate between colors (Fig. 2), H. cubana likely uses both color and odor in locating its preferred host, L. leucocephala.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank J. P. M. Mackauer and R. I. Alfaro for advice and critical reviews, and L. J. Chong, R. S. McDonald and J. Macias-Samano for assistance. The research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and by a McMillan Family Fund Fellowship to EBL.
LITERATURE CITED
Aluja, M. & R. J. Prokopy. 1993. Host odor and visual stimulus interaction during intra-tree host finding behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella flies. J. Chem. Ecol., 19: 2671-2696.
Beck, S. D. 1965. Resistance of plants to insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 10: 207-232.
Chouinard, A. (ed.). 1983. Proc. Workshop on leucaena research in the Asian-Pacific Region, Sin- gapore, 23-26 November, 1982. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 215
Coombe, P. E. 1981. Visual behaviour of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Ho- moptera: Aleyrodidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Coombe, P.E. 1982. Visual behavior of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Physiol. Entomol., 7: 243-252.
Dapsis, L. J. & D. N. Ferro. 1983. Effectiveness of baited cone traps and colored sticky traps for monitoring adult cabbage maggots: with notes on female ovarian development. Entomol. Exp. & Appl., 33: 35-42.
Dunn, J. A. & D. P. H. Kempton. 1976. Varietal differences in the susceptibility of Brussel sprouts to lepidopterous pests. Ann. Appl. Biol., 82: 11-19.
Gomez, K. A. & A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Wiley, New York.
Greany, P. D., H. R. Agee, A. K. Burditt & D. L. Chambers. 1977. Field studies on color preferences of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 21: 63-70.
Harris, M. O. & J. R. Miller. 1983. Color stimuli and oviposition behavior of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 76: 766-771.
Ishikawa, Y., S. Tanaka, Y. Matsumoto, K. Yamashita, M. Yoshida & E. Shirai. 1985. Color preference of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua Meigen (Diptera: Anthomylidae) with reference to ultraviolet reflection. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 20: 20-26.
Judd, G. J. R., J. H. Borden & A. D. Wynne. 1988. Visual behavior of the onion fly, Delia antiqua: antagonistic interaction of ultraviolet and visible wavelength reflectance. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 49: 221-234.
Kennedy, J. S., C. O. Booth & W. J. S. Kershaw. 1961. Host finding by aphids in the field. II. Visual attraction. Ann. Appl. Biol., 49: 1-21.
Kong, K. L., Y.M. Fung & G.S. Wasserman. 1980. Filter-mediated color vision with one visual pigment. Science, 207: 783-786.
Kring, J. B. 1972. Flight behavior of aphids. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 17: 461-492.
Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1992. Growth performance of two Leucaena species exposed to natural infestation by the Leucaena psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Sylvatrop Tech. J. Phillip. Ecosystems and Nat. Res., 2: 61-72.
Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1993a. Olfactory discrimination by Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae) between susceptible and resistant species of Leucaena (Leguminosae). J. Chem. Ecol., 19: 83-90.
Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1993b. Components of resistance in Leucaena collinsii (Leguminosae) to Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Environ. Entomol., 22: 319-325.
Menzel, R. 1979. Spectral sensitivity and color vision in invertebrates. pp. 503-580. Jn Handbook of sensory physiology (Vol. 7. Sect. 6A). Springer, New York.
Nottingham, S. F. 1987. Effects of nonhost-plant odors on anemotactic response to host-plant odor in female cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and carrot rust fly, Psila rosae. J. Chem. Ecol., 13: 1313-1318.
Owens, E.D. & R. J. Prokopy. 1986. Relationship between reflectance spectra of host plant surfaces and visual detections of host fruit by Rhagoletis pomonella. Physiol. Entomol., 11: 297-307.
Prokopy, R. J. & E. D. Owens. 1983. Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 28: 337-364.
‘Prokopy, R. J., R. H. Collier & S. Finch. 1983. Leaf color used by cabbage root flies to distinguish among host plants. Science, 221: 190-192.
Sorensson, C. T. & J. L. Brewbaker. 1986. Resistance of Leucaena species and hybrids. Leucaena Res. Rept., 7: 13-15.
Sorensson, C. T. & J. L. Brewbaker. 1987. Psyllid resistance of Leucaena species and hybrids. Leucaena Res. Rept., 8: 29-31.
Stephens, S.G. 1957. Sources of resistance of cotton strains to the boll weevil and their possible utilization. J. Econ. Entomol., 50: 415-418.
Thiery, D. & J. H. Visser. 1987. Misleading the Colorado potato beetle with an odor blend. J. Chem. Ecol., 13: 1139-1146.
Thorsteinson, A. J. 1960. Host selection in phytophagous insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 5: 193-218.
Todd, J. L, P. L. Phelan & L. R. Nault. 1990. Interaction between visual and olfactory stimuli during host finding by leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Chem. Ecol., 16: 2121-2133.
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Vaishampayan, S. M., G. P. Waldbauer & M. Kogan. 1975. Visual and olfactory responses in orientation to plants by the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Al- eyrodidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 18: 412-422.
Vernon, R. S. 1986. A spectral zone of color preference for the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), with reference to the reflective intensity of traps. Can. Entomol., 118: 849- 856.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 217-226, (1995)
NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL COREIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA)
HARRY BRAILOVSKY
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apdo Postal 70153, México 04510 D.F., México
Abstract.—Two new genera and three new species of Coreidae, collected in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru are described and included in the tribes Anisoscelidini, Leptoscelidini and Nematopodini. Dorsal view illustrations of each species are provided.
Key Words.—Insecta, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coreidae, Anisoscelidini, Leptoscelidini, Ne- matopodini, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
Two new genera and three new species of Neotropical Coreidae are new and described here. The two genera have the posterior tibiae dilated and belong to the tribes Anisoscelidini and Nematopodini and the third taxon is in the tribe Leptoscelidini. The latter is the third known species of the genus Malvanaioides, which is characterized by metallic iridescens on the body, as well as its moderately expanded humeral angles, which are subacuminate and elevated above the disc. Because this group of coreids are never abundantly present in collections, their distributional data are limited and it is hoped more material will be collected.
TOVAROCORIS BRAILOVSKY, NEW GENUS Type Species. — Tovarocoris ecnomiscos Brailovsky, NEW SPECIES
Description.— Body large, broad, stout, somewhat depressed. Head subquadrate, wider than long; postocular tubercle forming contiguous curve with eyes; antenniferous tubercle broad, unarmed, widely separated; tylus projecting anteriorly of antennifers, globose and conspicuously more elevated than jugum; antennae long, slender and segments IJ to III terete (IV missing); antennal segment I stouter, slightly curved, longer than II; segment II longer than III; rostrum short, just passing anterior coxae. Pronotum: Trapeziform, wider than long, very declivent; collar wide; callarregion distinct, all margins with small tubercles; anterior margin slightly rounded; frontal angles obtuse; anterolateral margin markedly nodulose and obliquely straight; humeral angles rounded, not exposed; posterolateral margin sinuate and smooth; posterior margin smooth, slightly concave, with posterior angles rounded; surface densely punctate and transversely striate. Anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme reniform, posterior lobe sharp, small. Mesosternum lacking median longitudinal groove. Legs: Anterior femora slightly incrassate, dorsal surface smooth, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines; intermediate femora slightly incrassate, dorsal surface with some tubercles, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines; posterior femora markedly incrassate, dorsal surface conspicuously tuberculate, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines; anterior and intermediate tibiae, unarmed, sulcate, external margin carinate; posterior tibiae with outer dilations barely phylliform with 1 shallow emargination, occupying 0.65 length of posterior tibiae and about 2 x width of inner dilations; inner dilations slightly phylliform and same size as outer dilations. Scutellum: Triangular, wider than long and transversely striate. Hemelytra: Macropterous, reaching anterior one-third of the last abdominal segment. Abdomen: Broad, widest point at segments IV-V; posterior angles angulate or with a short sharp spine; spiracles relatively transverse much closer to anterior than lateral margins of the segment; plica on seventh sternite straight.
Male.—Unknown.
Diagnosis. —This new taxa will not run to any known genus in the key to Nematopodini (O’Shea 1980, Brailovsky 1987). The only genera with the posterior
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tibiae dilated both internally and externally are Thasus Stal, Melucha Amyot & Serville, Meluchamixia Brailovsky, and Vivianadema Brailovsky. In Thasus and Meluchamixia, the antennal segment III is markedly dilated, in Vivianadema it is slightly dilated, in Melucha it is sometimes very slightly dilated, and in Jo- varocoris NEW GENUS, it is always terete. The outer and inner dilations of the posterior tibiae of Melucha are always lanceolate and occupying the total length of tibiae [in M. phyllocnemis (Burmeister) they occupy almost 80% of the length]. In Tovarocoris, the outer and inner dilations are phylliform, with one shallow emargination, and both occupy 65% of the length of posterior tibiae.
Distribution. —Only known from Brazil.
Etymology. —This genus is named for Dr. Juan Jose Tovar, and coris, bug: Masculine.
Material Examined.—Tovarocoris ecnomiscos.
TOVAROCORIS ECNOMISCOS, BRAILOVSKY, NEW SPECIES (Fig. 1) Type. —Holotype, female; data: BRAZIL. Para, 480 km (330 m1), S of Belem, 1971, D.P. Mills. Deposited in The Natural History Museum, London.
Description. — Female (holotype). Coloration: Bright orange to bright pale orange-yellow with fol- lowing areas black: apex of rostral segment IV, upper margins of connexival segments II-IX, small discoidal spot on middle of apical margin of corium, spines and tubercles of each leg, external margin of coxae, a diffuse patch in meso and meta- acetabulae and on metasternum and few discoidal spots on abdominalsternites II to VII; hemelytral membrane ambarinetranslucid, with veins slightly darker. Measurements: Head length: 1.78 mm; width across eyes: 2.58 mm; interocular space: 1.59 mm; interocellar space: 0.80 mm; preocular distance: 1.25 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 3.26 mm; II, 2.66 mm; III, 2.12 mm; IV, missing. Pronotal length: 4.94 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.50 mm; width across humeral angles: 5.26 mm. Posterior tibiae: length: 7.60 mm; length outer dilation: 5.01 mm; length inner dilation: 5.01 mm; width outer dilation: 2.12 mm; width inner dilation: 0.76 mm. Scutellar length: 2.66 mm; width: 3.26 mm. Total body length: 24.40 mm.
Diagnosis. —Tovarocoris ecnomiscos is the only species in its genus. Etymology.—From the Greek ecnomios, unusual, referring to the posterior tibiae.
Material Examined. —See Type.
ONOREMIA BRAILOVSKY, NEW GENUS Type Species.—Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky, NEW SPECIES.
Description. — Body large, slender. Head pentagonal, porrect, wider than long, well prolonged anterior to antenniferous tubercle and with well developed neck; antenniferous tubercle broad, unarmed, widely separated; tylus basally nearly flat, unarmed, apically truncate on a wide triangular plate extending anterior to jugae and more raised when viewed laterally; jugae unarmed, thickened; tylus and jugae below level of antenniferous tubercles; antennae long, slender, segments I to IV terete; antennal segment I more than 2 as long as head, slightly curved and shorter than IV; segment II longest; segment III shortest, stouter; postocular tubercle forming contiguous curve with eyes; buccula not extending beyond level of antenniferous tubercle; rostrum reaching anterior one-third of abdominal sternite II; rostral segment I longest, segment III shortest, II longer than IV; rostral segment I reaching anterior margin of prosternum. Pronotum: Trapeziform, wider than long, declivent; collar wide; all margins entire; calli slightly elevated; area between calli with 2 large tubercles; anterolateral margins obliquely straight; posterolateral margins sinuate; posterior margin straight; frontal angles obtuse; humeral areas slightly expanded, with humeral angles acuminate; surface densely punctate and transversely striate. Anterior
1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 219
Figure 1. Dorsal view of Tovarocoris ecnomiscos Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.
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Figure 2. Dorsal view of Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.
lobe of metathoracic peritreme reniform, posterior lobe sharp, small. Mesosternum with median longitudinal groove. Legs: Femora with dorsal surface smooth, ventrally armed with 2 subdistal spines and 1 row of small tubercles or spines; anterior and intermediate tibiae unarmed, sulcate; posterior tibiae with outer dilation lanceolate, occupying 0.51-0.52 x length of posterior tibiae, slightly wider
1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 221
(|
Figures 3-6. Figures 3-5. Posterior tibiae. Figure 3. Anisoscelis scutellaris Stal. Figure 4. Bitta gradadia (Distant). Figure 5. Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES. Figure 6. Caudal view of the male genital capsule of Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.
than inner dilation; inner dilation lanceolate, almost same size as outer dilation (Fig. 5). Scutellum: Triangular, flat, longer than wide, transversely striate, with apex acute. Hemelytra: Macropterous, extending beyond apex of abdomen. Male genitalia. Genital capsule. Median notch shallow, dorsal prongs low forming a convex posterior margin; lateral angles rounded (Fig. 6).
Female Genitalia. —Abdominal sternite VII with plica and fissura.
Diagnosis.—Onoremia is a unique genus and easily to identify. The length of the antennal segment I is more than twice as long as the head. In addition, the pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium and abdominal segments have metallic ir- idescens; the posterior tibiae has its outer and inner dilation lanceolate and not
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reaching the apex of tibiae; and the ventral ridge of genital capsule has a shallow median notch (Figs. 5—6). Also, the area between calli has two large tubercles, which are absent in Anisoscelis and Bitta. See Key.
Discussion. —Osuna (1984) produced a generic revision of the tribe Anisoscel- idini, and recognized 14 genera, which are included in three clearly defined groups of genera: the Diactor group, with the single genus, Diactor Perty; the Leptoglossus group, including seven genera: Leptoglossus Guerin-Meneville, Narnia Stal, Nan- no phyllia Bergroth, Fabrictilis Osuna, Theognis Stal, Stalifera Osuna and Veneza Osuna; the Anisoscelis group, consisting of six genera: Anisoscelis Latreille, Baldus Stal, Bitta Osuna, Chondrocera Laporte, Holhymenia Le Peletier and Serville and Tarpeius Stal. Unfortunately in this revision, Osuna only mentioned the number of species in each genus, but did not list which species belong to each genus.
Onoremia NEW GENUS, is included on the Anisoscelis group, close to Ani- soscelis and Bitta. In each genus, the outer and inner portion of posterior tibiae are dilated, the antennal segment IV is not yellow-white, all antennal segments are terete, the tylus and jugae are below the level of antenniferous tubercles, and the anterolateral margins of the pronotum are straight or obliquely straight.
In Holhymenia, Baldus and Tarpeius the tibial dilation are restricted to the outer surface, are usually narrow and extend over almost the whole length of tibiae; also, the antennal segment IV is yellow-white. In Chondrocera, antennal segments II and III usually have flat lateral expansions, the tylus and jugae are above the level of antenniferous tubercles, and the anterolateral margins of pro- notum are slightly curved.
Anisoscelis, which includes three species [discolor Stal, foliacea (Fabr.) and scutellaris Stal] and one subspecies [foliacea marginella (Dallas)], has the following traits: the length of antennal segment I is less than twice as long as the head; the pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium and abdominal segments are usually partially metallic green, but occasionally metallic blue or purple (except in A. discolor and A. foliacea marginella in which it is pale brown to dark brown); the posterior tibiae has its outer dilation phyliform, extending over most of tibiae and tapering towards the apex (Fig. 3); and the ventral ridge of the genital capsule is V-shaped.
Bitta, which includes four species [affinis (Westwood), flavolineata (Blanchard), gradadia (Distant) and hymeniphera (Westwood)], has the following traits: the length of antennal segment I 1s twice as long as the head; the pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium and abdominal segments are without metallic iridescens and are usually yellow, orange or red; the posterior tibiae has its outer dilation phyliform and short, not reaching the apex of tibiae (Fig. 4); and the ventral ridge of genital capsule has a medial process.
Distribution. —Only known from Ecuador.
Etymology. —Named for Giovanni Onore; feminine.
Material Examined.—Onoremia acuminata.
KEY TO RELATED GENERA OF ANISOSCELIDINI (AFTER OSUNA, 1984)
1. Outer dilation of posterior tibiae lanceolate (Fig. 5); antennal segment I more than twice as long as head; area between calli with 2 large TWDET CESS OR Fee na ee Onoremia Brailovsky, NEW GENUS
1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 223
1’. Outer dilation of posterior tibiae phyliform (Figs. 3-4); antennal seg- ment I twice as long as the head or less; area between calli smooth, without tubercles
2(1'). Antennal segment I less than twice as long as the head; surface partially with green or blue metallic iridescens; outer dilation of posterior tibiae extending over most of tibiae and tapering towards the apex (Fig. 3)
PES tn TO ee «tS RTT ns UCR See eee Anisoscelis Latreille
2'. Antennal segment I twice as long as the head; surface without metallic iridescens; outer dilation of posterior tibiae short, not reaching the apex of tibiae (Fig. 4) 2.0.0.0... ee Bitta Osuna
ONOREMIA ACUMINATA, BRAILOVSKY, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2, 5-6)
Types. — Holotype, male; data: ECUADOR. Napo (Tondaci), March 1991, G. Onore. Deposited in ‘“‘Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito.” Para- type: 1 female; data: ECUADOR. Bafios, Tunguramua Cerro Runtun, 30 Aug 1988, V. Nufiez. Deposited in the ““Coleccién Entomologica del Instituto de Biol- ogia, UNAM, México.”
Description. — Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration: Head yellow with following areas metallic blue- green: postocular region, ocellar tubercle and a longitudinal stripe that covers interocellar space, frons, basal one-third of tylus and apex of jugae; apical one-third of tylus yellow-hazel, with brown diffusse spot; antennal segment I yellow-ochre, with inner face metallic blue-green; segment II metallic blue- purple with anterior two-thirds of outer face yellow-ochre; segment III creamy yellow, with basal and apical joint brown; segment IV dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, clavus and corium bright black with punctures metallic blue-green and following areas red: lateral margins and apex of scutellum, claval and corial veins, and costal and apical margins of corium; hemelytral membrane dark brown; connexival segments ITI-VI metallic blue-green with upper margin red and segment VII bright orange- yellow with upper margin metallic blue-green; dorsal segments II to VI black with metallic blue-green iridescens and segment VII bright orange-yellow with anterior one-third and a central longitudinal stripe black with metallic blue-green iridescens. Ventral coloration: Head metallic blue-green-purple with incomplete central longitudinal stripe yellow; rostral segment I bright black with metallic blue- green iridescens and segments II to IV bright black; thorax with prosternum and mesosternum bright orange, with broad central area black with metallic blue-green iridescens; metasternum bright orange; propleura, mesopleura and metapleura metallic blue-green-purple; metathoracic peritreme and adja- cent areas bright orange. Legs: Anterior coxae bright black with metallic blue-green iridescens; middle and posterior coxae black with metallic blue-green iridescens and with posterior one-third yellow; trochanters, femora and tarsi yellow, with spines bright black; anterior and middle tibiae yellow, posterior tibiae yellow with outer and inner dilations bright brown-red. Abdomen: Bright orange, with posterior border of sternite V and VI yellow and following areas with metallic blue-green reflections: lateral and pleural margins of sterna III to VII, posterior margin of sternite VII and central area of genital capsule. Measurements: Head length: 2.20 mm; width across eyes: 2.68 mm; interocular space: 1.35 mm; interocellar space: 0.54 mm; preocular distance: 1.40 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 4.75 mm; II, 6.85 mm; III, 3.90 mm; IV, 4.95 mm. Pronotal length: 3.40 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.30 mm; width across humeral angles: 5.70 mm. Posterior tibiae: length: 11.75 mm; length outer dilation: 6.00 mm; length inner dilation: 5.98 mm; width outer dilation: 1.75 mm; width inner dilation: 1.37 mm. Scutellar length: 2.45 mm; width: 2.30 mm. Total body length: 20.60 mm.
Female (paratype).—Color: Similar to holotype. Connexival segments VIII and IX bright orange- yellow, with posterior angle black with metallic blue-green iridescens; dorsal segments VIII and IX bright orange-yellow with central longitudinal stripe black with metallic blue-green iridescens; gono- coxae I black with metallic blue-green iridescens; paratergite VIII and IX bright orange-yellow with posterior angle black with metallic blue-green iridescens. Measurements: Head length: 2.08 mm; width across eyes: 2.50 mm; interocular space: 1.27 mm; interocellar space: 0.47 mm; preocular distance:
224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Figure 7. Dorsal view of Malvanaioides luridus Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.
1995 BRAILOVSK Y: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 225
1.25 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 4.65 mm; II, 6.70 mm; III, 3.75 mm; IV, 4.80 mm. Pronotal length: 3.05 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.00 mm; width across humeral angles: 4.90 mm. Posterior tibiae: length: 11.75 mm; length outer dilation: 6.12 mm; length inner dilation: 6.10 mm; width outer dilation: 1.50 mm; width inner dilation: 1.12 mm. Scutellar length: 2.04 mm; width: 1.85 mm. Total body length: 18.15 mm.
Diagnosis. —Onoremia acuminata is the only species in its genus. Etymology. —Named for the elongate tubercles of the area between calli.
Material Examined. —See Types.
MALVANAIOIDES LURIDUS, BRAILOVSKY NEW SPECIES (Fig. 7)
Type. — Holotype, female; data: PERU, Chanchamayo (without information). Deposited in Hungarian Natural History Museum.
Description. — Female (holotype). Dorsal coloration: Head bright orange, with following areas me- tallic blue-green: ocellar tubercle and broad V-shaped spot that covers most of antenniferous tubercles; antennal segment I metallic blue-green with orange basal and apical joint; segment IIT brown-red with dark orange reflections; segment III with anterior one-half orange (basal joint brown-red) and posterior one-half entirely brown-red; segment IV brown-red; pronotum with anterior margin, callar region and anterior one-half of anterolateral margin metallic blue-green, and the rest, including scutellum, biack with punctures metallic blue-purple and with a wide orange-yellow longitudinal stripe extending from lower one-third of callar region to apex of scutellum; clavus black with punctures metallic blue-purple and with anal and suture border orange; corium black with punctures metallic blue-purple, with longitudinal stripe orange-yellow, running along costal margin, reaching apex of apical margin, leaving only short black stripe close to the middle one-third of costal margin; hemelytral membrane pale brown; connexival segments metallic green; abdominal segments I-IV bright orange, segment V bright orange with posterior third black, segments VI and VII black with metallic blue reflections, segments VIII and IX black. Ventral coloration: Head bright orange; rostral segment I bright orange, internally with metallic green iridescens; segments II and III bright orange; segment IV bright orange with apex black; thorax metallic green, with sternal region bright orange; legs entirely bright orange; metathoracic peritreme and adjacent areas bright orange with apex of anterior and posterior lobe brown-red; ab- dominal sterna including the genital plates metallic green with following areas bright orange: short longitudinal stripe running across middle of sternite III, posterior border of sterna IV and V, and upper margin of pleural sterna II—-VII. Structure.— Head: porrect; tylus blunt, slightly exceeding jugae; rostrum reaching anterior one-third of abdominal sternite III. Pronotum: Abruptly declivent; antero- lateral and posterolateral margins dentate; posterior margin slightly concave, with lateral projections well developed; humeral angles moderately expanded, subacuminate and elevated above disc; calli barely elevated. Measurements: Head length: 2.50 mm; width across eyes: 2.40 mm; interocular space: 1.44 mm; interocellar space: 0.64 mm; preocular distance: 1.54 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 3.42 mm; II, 4.25 mm; III, 3.19 mm; IV, 5.47 mm. Pronotal length: 3.26 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.28 mm; width across humeral angles: 6.60 mm. Scutellar length: 2.55 mm; width: 2.80 mm. Total body length: 23.10 mm.
Diagnosis. —See Key.
Discussion. —Brailovsky (1990) described the genus Malvanaioides to include M. intricata from Brazil; M. flavolineata from Peru was described later, becoming the second known species (Brailovsky 1993). Here, a third species, collected in Peru, is described and the diagnostic characters which separate M. luridus new species from the other two known species are given in the key.
Distribution. —Only known from Peru.
Etymology. —Named for its light coloration of the legs; from the Latin, /uridus, pale yellow.
Material Examined. —See type.
226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
KEY TO SPECIES OF MALVANAIOIDES
1. Posterior one-half of pronotal disc black, with punctures metallic blue- purple and with wide orange longitudinal stripe; femora entirely bright orange; tylus bright orange; rostrum reaching anterior one-third of
abdominal sternite III ........... M. luridus Brailovsky, new species. 1’. Posterior one-half of pronotal disc entirely yellow; femora never orange
or yellow; tylus metallic green; rostrum reaching abdominal sternite
Veer pee eae te Sent sie = Been, pose, Le ee, Coenen, or Serre, Se 2
2(1'). Clavus and corium black with transverse yellow fascia; coxae and tro- chanters bright brown red; thorax with pro-, meso-, and metapleura orange red, with some metallic blue-purple spots; jugum metallic SECC ie ance hy ee ee nit. JL, PO M. flavolineata Brailovsky
2 Clavus and corium black with punctures metallic blue-purple, and with a longitudinal yellow stripe running along costal margin with the apex of apical margin leaving a short black stripe near the middle one- third of the corium; coxae and trochanters bright orange; thorax with pro-, meso-, and metapleura metallic green; jugum yellow ........
TTA, yo: Was ET 9: Pee ERs. WORN wo WR, 208. B M. intricata Brailovsky
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank Janet Margerison-Knight (Natural History Museum, Lon- don), Giovani Onore (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador), and Tamas Vasarhelyi (Hungarian Natural History Museum) for the loan of the specimens. Special thanks to Cristina Mayorga and Albino Luna (both of the Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de México) for the illustrations.
LITERATURE CITED
Brailovsky, H. 1987. Three new genera and six new species of Neotropical Coreidae (Heteroptera). J. New York Entomol. Soc., 95: 518-530.
Brailovsky, H. 1990. Géneros nuevos y especies nuevas de coreidos neotropicales (Hemiptera- Heteroptera-Coreidae, Acanthocerini, Leptoscelidini y Anisoscelidini). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton. México Ser. Zool., 61: 107-123.
Brailovsky, H. 1993. Género nuevo y especies nuevas de coreidos neotropicales (Hemiptera-Het- eroptera-Coreidae: Acanthocerini, Chariesterini, Coreini, Discogastrini, Leptoscelidini y Ne- matopodini). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton México Ser. Zool., 64: 109-127.
O’Shea, R. 1980. A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Stud. Neotropical Fauna Envir., 15: 197-225.
Osuna, E. 1984. Monografia dela Tribu Anisoscelidini (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coreidae) I. Re- vision Genérica. Bol. Ent. Venez. N.S., 3(5—8): 77-148.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 227-236, (1995)
A SPECIES DESCRIPTION AND BIOLOGICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN A NEW SPECIES OF TELENOMUS HALIDAY (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) AND TRICHOGRAMMA PLATNERI NAGARKATITI (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE): TWO EGG PARASITOIDS OF SABULODES AEGROTATA (GUENEE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
JEFFREY Y. HONDA AND SERGUEY V. TRJAPITZIN
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
Abstract.—Telenomus hugi Honda and Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, is described and illustrated. This species is a common egg parasitoid of the geometrid moth, Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé), which feeds on avocado in southern California. The new species belongs to the T. californicus group of the genus Telenomus but differs from other species of this group based on the structure of male genitalia. A brief study and discussion of the life history traits of T. hugi and its potential as a biological control agent in comparison to Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti are included.
Key Words.—Insecta, Geometridae, Sabulodes aegrotata, Scelionidae, Telenomus hugi NEW SPECIES, Trichogramma platneri, egg parasitoid
Species of Telenomus often play an important role in the natural control of insect populations, however, their use in biological control programs has been inhibited by a lack of systematic and biological study (Bin & Johnson 1982, Orr 1988). The approximately 600 species of recognized Telenomus represent only 10-25% of the species thought to be in existence, and biological studies are few in number when compared to Trichogramma (Bin & Johnson 1982). Despite the lack of a strong biosystematic base of information, Telenomus species possess a number of characteristics that make them effective natural enemies and good biological control candidates. These include: a high searching capacity, high re- productive potential, high dispersal capacity, wide ecological range, host speci- ficity, and host synchronization (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988). Hirose (1986) concluded that Telenomus species should be better control agents than Trichogramma species in natural regulation of lepidopterous pests partly because they have greater lon- gevity and higher searching abilities, although Bin & Johnson (1982) concluded that both genera may be complementary for certain hosts.
The omnivorous looper, Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé) is an important pest of avocados in southern California (McKenzie 1935). Augmentative releases of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti have been used to aid in the control of this pest, however, another egg parasitoid in the genus Telenomus was commonly found parasitizing S. aegrotata eggs in the field during the last two seasons. The latter species is currently maintained in culture at the University of California, Riverside (UCR), and specimens were sent to N. F. Johnson (The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) for identification. He determined that this species was undescribed.
The presence of both T. platneri and a new species of Telenomus described
228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
below provides a good system to test the hypotheses stated above in the laboratory. Herein, we provide the scientific name and taxonomic description of Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, describe its general biology, and discuss its potential as a biological control agent when compared with 7. platneri.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For taxonomic description, we followed the protocol of Johnson (1984). Mea- surements are given in millimeters, with the mean followed, in parentheses, by the range within the indicated sample. Abbreviations for depositories are: BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; OSUC, The Ohio State University, Columbus; UCRC, University of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C.; ZMAS, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Pe- tersburg. Abbreviations used in the description are: A = Antennomere,; DCI = Dorsal Cephalic Index (head width: dorsal head length); FCI = Frontal Cephalic Index (head width: frontal head length); TL = Total Length (dorsal head length + Weber length + metasomal length); T1, T2: Metasomal tergites 1 and 2 [for explanation of terms see Johnson (1984)].
For biological studies, a culture of 7. hugi was initiated in May, 1993 with wasps reared from S. aegrotata eggs collected from avocado trees in Carpenteria, California (approximately 20 adults were collected from a parasitized egg cluster by JYH in late April, 1993). The culture was maintained on S. aegrotata eggs obtained from a moth culture reared on an artificial diet developed by Johnson & Federici (1982) at UCR. The T. hugi culture was maintained by exposing approximately 100 freshly laid S. aegrotata eggs to five or six mated female wasps in an Oviposition rearing unit. This unit consisted of a honey streaked, glass shell vial (9.5 x 2.5 cm) covered with filter paper held in place with a polyethylene lid from which the center was removed. Eggs were held with female parasites for 24 hours and then removed and placed in a new rearing unit until emergence.
Parasitoid developmental times were determined by holding individual para- sitized eggs in gelatin capsules until emergence at 27° C, 50% RH, and 14L:10D. To determine the effect of honey and host egg availability on longevity, females were subjected to three treatments: (1) no honey or hosts, (2) honey only, and (3) honey and hosts. Male wasps were subjected to only two treatments: (1) no honey, and (2) honey. Wasps were placed individually in rearing units and checked daily for mortality. Honey was replaced as needed. Due to the irregular availability of S. aegrotata eggs, female treatments with hosts and honey were given a section of index card with 20 freshly laid S. aegrotata eggs 9, 13, 17, 19, 22, 25, and 28 days after emergence. Collected eggs from each treatment (m = 12) were held for emergence to estimate sex ratio and fecundity.
TAXONOMY TELENOMUS HUGI HONDA & S. TRJAPITZIN, NEW SPECIES
Types. —Holotype: female (on point), labeled: 1. ““Telenomus hugi Honda et S. Trjapitzin HOLOTYPE female”; 2. “USA. CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE Co.: Riverside, UCR lab. culture, 24 Mar 1994, J. Honda, ex. Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé)”. Holotype deposited in U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. Paratypes, same data as holotype: 1 female, 2 males [USNM];
1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 229
1 female, 1 male [BMNH]; 1 female, 2 males [CNCI]; 2 females, 2 males [OSUC]; 1 female, 2 males [ZMAS]; 12 females, 23 males [UCRC].
Female.— Color: General body coloration black; eyes and ocelli gray; A3—A6 slightly lighter than remainder of antenna; fore and mid femora brown distally; tibiae light brown basally and distally; tarsi light brown to brown, darkening distally. Head (Fig. 1): Vertex smoothly rounded onto occiput, coriaceous; hyperoccipital carina absent; occiput with very fine coriaceous sculpturing, almost smooth; orbital bands broad and incomplete, with broad interruption medially; frons otherwise smooth, shining; no ocellar setae; preocellar pit usually absent; frontal depression apparently absent; frons slightly elevated between antennal insertions and inner orbits; eyes hairy; malar space coriaceous but smooth at toruli. Mesosoma: Mesoscutum coriaceous, evenly covered with small setae; scutellum smooth except some fine sculpturing anteriorly, with sparser arranged setae; dorsellum (Fig. 2A) strongly punctate in anterior one-half, striate to smooth posteriorly. Metasoma: T1 (Fig. 2B) with 3 pairs of lateral setae and 1 pair of sublateral setae. Appendages: Antenna (Fig. 3) densely setose, 1 1-segmented; club 5-segmented; scape (A 1) about 4x as long as pedicel (A2); A3 as long as A2 and longest of funicle (A3-A6), A4 as long as broad, AS slightly smaller than A4, A6-A10 transverse. Wings hyaline, surpassing apex of metasoma; postmarginal vein of forewing longer than stigmal vein; hindwing broad, maximum width about 1.5 x of fringe hairs length at this point. Measurements (n = 5): TL: 0.86 (0.82-0.87) mm; DCI: 2.60 (2.06-3.27) mm; FCI: 1.27 (1.23-1.31) mm; frons W: eye height: 1.04 (1.02-1.07) mm; W: L T1: 3.93 (3.33-4.60) mm; L: W T2: 0.90 (0.83-1.00) mm; L: W metasoma: 1.41 (1.30-1.54) mm.
Male. —Similar to female except antennae and hind legs concolorous with body. Normal secondary sexual characters as follows: antenna (Fig. 4) 12-segmented, densely setose, Al almost equal to com- bined lengths of A2—A4, A3 and A5 subequal, A4 as long as A1l2, A6—-A11 moniliform; genitalia (Fig. 5) elongated, aedeago-volsellar shaft just over 3 as long as basal ring, constricted proximally and slightly bowed medially; basal ring appears knobbed proximally witha round base, constricted medially and distally; laminae volsellares very closely approaching one another medially to appear fused; digiti three-dentate, with long and thick teeth; aedeagal lobe rounded, slightly longer than digiti. Measure- ments (n= 5): TL: 0.86 (0.83-0.88) mm; DCI: 2.63 (2.29-3.17) mm; FCI: 1.21 (1.16-1.28) mm; frons W: eye height: 1.04 (0.94-1.13) mm; W: L T1: 3.73 (3.00-4.25) mm; L: W T2: 0.83 (0.76-0.89) mm; L: W metasoma: 1.36 (1.26-1.42) mm.
Diagnosis. —The new species belongs to the californicus species group of Te- lenomus, as defined by Johnson (1984), and differs from other species in this group based on unique male genitalia structures described above (Fig. 5).
Etymology. —The specific name “‘hugi’’ was chosen to honor P. “‘Hugi’’ Bear.
Material Examined. —See types. Additional specimens: same data as holotype, 3 females, 3 males, parts mounted for scanning electron microscopy [UCRC].
BIOLOGY
Results.—A number of general observations were made regarding the biology of T. hugi. This parasitoid may be fairly host specific because it failed to elicit any Ovipositional response when presented a number of alternate host eggs, in- cluding Manduca sexta (Johannson) (Sphingidae), Amorbia cuneana Walsingham (Tortricidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner) (Noc- tuidae). However, alternative species of geometrid eggs were not available for experimentation. Female wasps presented S. aegrotata eggs quickly examined hosts by drumming them with their antennae, followed by drilling with the ovi- positor and egg deposition. Total parasitism times averaged 3.31 + 1.34 min for five individual females without prior oviposition experience. Females isolated from males (n = 10) parasitized eggs that issued only male wasps, indicating that this species 1s arrhenotokous. Both male and female developmental times were similar (17.24 + 0.43 (n = 106) for females and 17.10 + 0.30 (n = 50) for males)
230 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Figures 1-2. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratypes [all UCRC]. Figure 1. Head (female, frontal view). Figure 2. Posterior mesosoma and anterior metasoma (female, dorsal view): A—dorsellum, B—T1. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 231
A
Figures 3-4. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratypes [all UCRC]. Figure 3. Antenna (female). Figure 4. Antenna (male). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
3
Figure5. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratype [UCRC] Genitalia (male). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
at 27° C. Wasps deprived of honey did not survive for more than 24 h and died significantly sooner than those supplied honey (Table 1). Wasps supplied honey and hosts survived less than one month, whereas wasps supplied only honey survived well over a month. This difference was significant (Fi, 37; = 20.60, P < 0.01). Females usually did not begin parasitizing hosts until four or five days after eclosion even when given hosts in the first two or three days of adult life, indicating
1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 233
Table 1. Longevity (in days + SEM) of male and female T. hugi when given no honey, honey, and honey with hosts. Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different (ANOVA, Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.01).
Male (n) Female (7) No honey 1.00 + 0.00a (20) 1.00 + 0.00a (13) Honey 41.25 + 1.94b (16) 59.00 + 1.43b (15) Honey and hosts ~ 29.42 + 3.05c (12)
that parasitoid eggs may take a few days to mature. Parasitized eggs produced single offspring and females appeared to mark a parasitized host immediately after oviposition by scrapping their ovipositor over the host’s surface. We did not observe host feeding by 7. hugi. A female T. hugi laid an average of 52.08 + 2.27 eggs (n = 12) when given hosts over a 28 day period (Fig. 6). During the first three days, 80% of the offspring were females, however, by the time the fourth batch of eggs was presented to the females, wasp mortality had increased, and the number of eggs laid per female and their sex ratio had declined. The sex ratio decline was probably due to sperm depletion. By the 28th and 30th day most of the wasps were either dead or moved sluggishly, ignoring the egg clusters we offered them.
Discussion.—The association existing between T. hugi and S. aegrotata prob- ably has been reported previously, however a complete species description and biological study has not been published. For example, McKenzie (1932) and Oatman et al. (1983) noted collections of Telenomus emerging from S. aegrotata. eggs. They did not identify this species, which may have been T. hugi.
The importance of 7. hugi as an integral part of S. aegrotata’s natural enemy complex is unknown. Extensive sampling and field studies of this species are lacking. In fact, Telenomus taxonomy and biology studies remain relatively scarce and few examples of successful classical biological control using Telenomus species exist (Bin & Johnson 1982). However, our results and observations in the labo- ratory indicate that this parasitoid has many of the characteristics considered desirable in a successful natural enemy.
Many workers have compared the potential of Trichogramma and Telenomus species as biological control agents and concluded that Telenomus species may be more effective (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988). In general, Trichogramma species are thought to be too short lived, posses too short a developmental period that inhibits synchronization, and are too polyphagous when compared to Telenomus species. In contrast, Telenomus species are usually thought to be better searchers because they live longer, are usually solitary parasitoids, and are more host specific. How- ever, Telenomus and Trichogramma species can be complimentary or inter- changeable for certain hosts and niches, and preliminary tests are indispensable in evaluating the role each may play in a biological control system (Bin & Johnson 1982). Preliminary studies on the biology of T. hugi along with previous studies on the biology of T. platneri (Manweiler 1982; Hohmann et al. 1988; JYH, unpublished data) allow T. hugi to be evaluated and compared with 7. platneri.
The reproductive potential of Trichogramma species are generally greater than that of Telenomus species (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988) and T. platneri follows this pattern when compared with T. hugi. The intrinsic rate of increase, (r,) for T.
234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Number of Eggs Parasitized per Sex Ratio
9 13 17 19 22 25 28
Days
Figure 6. Mean numbers of eggs parasitized per female (+ SEM) per given day. Line indicates mean percentage of females emerging.
platneri is 0.368 (Orr 1986 taken from Manweiler 1982), which is higher than T. hugi (0.219) at 27° C. Furthermore, inexperienced 7. platneri with mature egg loads produced more progeny during a 24 h period than TJ. hugi (26.76 + 7.93 versus 13.14 + 2.47). However, T. platneri is gregarious, laying 5.50 + 1.75 offspring per S. aegrotata egg, whereas T. hugi is solitary, laying one egg per S. aegrotata egg. Thus, a more appropriate measure of the impact of these two wasps species 1s the number of S. aegrotata eggs a female wasp of each species parasitized. When this criterion is used a different picture emerges: 7. platneri parasitized an average of 4.87 + 1.41 eggs per female (JYH, unpublished data), whereas T. hugi parasitized an average of 13.14 + 2.47 eggs per female in a 24 h period. Therefore, T. hugi may inflict more mortality even though T. platneri has a higher fecundity. Furthermore, 7. hugi may have a more restricted host range, as females did not parasitize four alternative moth species when offered host eggs. Telenomus species are generally host specific with a few exceptions, and even polyphagous species appear to be restricted to families within Lepidoptera (Orr 1988). In contrast, T. platneri is polyphagous, with members of the species complex parasitizing the eggs of at least 30 different hosts in several lepidopteran families (Pak 1988), including A. cuneana, which is also an important pest in avocado grooves and occurs throughout the year (Bailey et al. 1988).
Trichogramma platneri is augmentatively released for the suppression of A. cuneana and S. aegrotata in avocado orchards. Studies (JYH, unpublished data) indicate that 7. platneriis a more effective biological control agent for A. cuneana than S. aegrotata. Although T. platneri is collected from S. aegrotata in the field, laboratory experiments indicate that it has difficulty parasitizing S. aegrotata eggs because they have a hard chorion and a sticky secretion that covers the eggs (JYH, unpublished data). Female 7. platneri take approximately 15 min to penetrate
1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 235
the chorion. In contrast, 7. hugi oviposits in an S. aegrotata egg in about three minutes. Moreover, large 7. platneri loose interest in parasitizing more than two or three S. aegrotata eggs even though they posses a substantial egg load, whereas they nearly exhaust their mature eggs parasitizing A. cuneana.
Finally, JT. platneri lives at best eight days post emergence (Hohmann et al. 1988), which is significantly shorter than 7. hugi. Such a short life span may not allow adult 7. platneri to synchronize with the three or four discrete annual generations of S. aegrotata (Bailey et al. 1988). Augmentative releases may im- prove T. platneri’s synchrony, but they must be properly timed to coincide with the presence of S. aegrotata eggs in the field (Oatman & Platner 1985). In contrast, T. hugi can live well over a month, which may increase its probability of en- countering hosts.
These results suggest that T. hugi may be a better biological control agent than T. platneri for S. aegrotata. Although T. platneri is collected on S. aegrotata in the field, laboratory experiments indicate that T. platneri is short-lived and has difficulty in parasitizing S. aegrotata. Hence it does not kill sufficient numbers of eggs when given an egg cluster of eggs which average approximately 13 eggs (JYH, unpublished data). The one advantage T. platneri has over T. hugi is that it is easier to mass produce. No cost effective methods are currently available to rear T. hugi in large quantities. Until such a cost effective rearing system is developed for T. hugi, augmentative releases of 7. platneri may still play a complimentary role in the suppression of S. aegrotata.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to Norman F. Johnson for providing initial identification of T. hugi as new, and taxonomic information on the T. californicus complex, and especially for reviewing of the manuscript. We thank Gary Platner (UCR) for technical assistance and Pat Luft (UCR) for assisting on the figure and table. Robert Luck (UCR) reviewed the manuscript and made useful suggestions for its improvement. SVT thanks his wife Tatiana M. Tretiakova for her permission to undertake a side project during the weekends.
LITERATURE CITED
Bailey, J. B., M. P. Hoffmann & K. N. Olsen. 1988. Blacklight monitoring of two avocado insect pests. Calif. Agric., 42: 26-27.
Bin, F. & N. F. Johnson. 1982. Potential of Telenominae in biocontrol with egg parasitoids (Hym., Scelionidae). pp. 275-287. In Les Trichogrammes, Antibes (France), 20-23 avril 1982, Ed. INRA Publ. Les Colloques de PINRA, no. 9.
Hirose, Y. 1986. Biological and ecological comparison of Trichogramma and Telenomus as control agents of lepidopterous pests. J. Appl. Entomol., 101: 39-47.
Hohmann, C. L., R. F. Luck & E. R. Oatman. 1988. A comparison of longevity and fecundity of adult Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of the cab- bage looper and the angumouis grain moth, with and without access to honey. J. Econ. Entomol., 81: 1307-1312.
Johnson, J. J. & B. A. Federici. 1982. Artificial diet and rearing procedures for the omnivorous looper. J. Econ. Entomol., 75: 295-296.
Johnson, N. F. 1984. Systematics of Nearctic Telenomus: classification and revisions of the podisi and phymatae species groups (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. (N. Ser.), 6: 1-113.
Manweiler, S. A. 1986. Developmental and Ecological Comparisons of Trichogramma minutum
236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
and Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol., 62: 128- 139.
McKenzie, H. L. 1935. Biology and control of avocado insects and mites. Univ. Calif. Argric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 592.
Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry, M. Waggonner, G. A. Platner & H. G. Johnson. 1983. Parasitization of Amorbia cuneana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Sabulodes aegrotata (Lepidoptera: Geo- metridae) on avocado in southern California. J. Econ. Entomol., 76: 52-53.
Oatman, E.R. andG.R. Platner. 1985. Biological control of two avocado pests. 1985. Calif. Agric., 39: 21-23.
Orr, D. B. 1988. Scelionid wasps as biological control agents: a review. Fla. Entomol., 71: 506-528.
Pak, G. A. 1988 Selection of Trichogramma for inundative biological control. Ph.D. Thesis, Agri- cultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 237-244, (1995)
LARVA AND PUPA OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS MORON & KRIKKEN (COLEOPTERA: MELOLONTHIDAE, TRICHIINAE, INCAINI)
MIGUEL-ANGEL MORON
Departamento de Biosistematica de Insectos, Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. Apdo. Postal 63 Xalapa, Veracruz 91000 México
Abstract.—The third-stage larva and the pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken are described and illustrated, based on 9 specimens collected in the cloud forest of “El Triunfo,” Chiapas, Mexico. Morphological characteristics are compared with those of Inca clathrata som- meri Westwood, with emphasis in pupal abdominal spiracles. A key to the known third-stage larvae of American Trichiinae is also included.
Restimen. —Se describen la larva de tercer estadio y la pupa de Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken, con base en 9 ejemplares colectados en el bosque nebular de “El Triunfo”, Chiapas, México. Se comparan las caracteristicas morfologicas de esta especie con las de Inca clathrata sommeri Westwood, destacando la estructura de los estigmas respiratorios abdominales de las pupas. Se proporciona una clave para separar las larvas de tercer estadio conocidas hasta la fecha de los Trichiinae americanos.
Key Words.—Insecta, Coleoptera, Trichiinae, Archedinus, immature stages, morphology, tax- onomy, America
The tribe Incaini is formed by ten Neotropical species of Inca Le Peletier & Serville, Golinca J. Thomson, Pantodinus Burmeister and Archedinus Moron & Krikken (Krikken 1984, Moron & Krikken 1990). The two former genera have a wide Central and South American distribution, and the two later genera have a very restricted, relictual distribution in the humid mountains of Chiapas, México and Guatemala. At present, only the third stage larvae and pupae of Inca clathrata sommeri Westwood and Inca bonplandi (Gyll.) are described and illustrated (Mo- ron 1983, Costa et al. 1988).
During a fortunate collecting trip conducted in 1983 by Roberto Terrén and Bert Kohlmann in the cloud montane forest located in “El Triunfo,” State of Chiapas, a small lot of “‘cetoniid-like’’ larvae with remnants of one female was found under rotten logs. After rearing in a laboratory in Mexico City, we obtained only one female pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken. In this paper, the larva and pupa of this species are described and compared with the immature stages of Inca species. Technical terms used are those of Ritcher (1966) and Morén (1983, 1987, 1993). The descriptions are based on 8 third stage-larvae and one cast skin of third-stage larva reared to pupa collected in association with remnants of adult female (see Material Examined).
ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS MORON & KRIKKEN, 1990, (Figs. 1-13)
Third-Stage Larva. — Head. Maximum width of head capsule 6.6-7.7 mm. Surface of cranium finely and densely rugose punctate, red-brown. Frons (Fig. 1) with only 1 seta on each anterior frontal angle and remaining cranial surface with only 2 para-ocellar setae on each side. Clypeus (Fig. 1) with 1 seta at right margin and 2 setae at left margin. Labrum (Fig. 1) ovate, slightly asymmetrical, with 2 central
238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Figures 1-8. Archedinus relictus third-stage larva. Figure 1. Frontal view of head. Figure 2. Epi- pharynx. Figure 3. Ventral view of right mandible. Figure 4. Ventral view of left mandible. Figure 5. Inner view of apex of right maxilla. Figure 6. Dorsal view of right maxilla. Figure 7. Detail of right maxillary stridulatory area. Figure 8. Dorsal view of hypopharynx. Scale lines are | mm, except Fig. 1 (S mm) and Figs. 5 and 7 (0.5 mm).
setae, 1-2 lateral setae and 2 anterior setae. Ocelli present. Epipharynx (Fig. 2) with vague zygum and without clithra, 1 anterior row of 5 small tubercles, | irregular transverse row of 11 spine-like setae and | posterior row of 6 spine like setae on the haptomeral region; right chaetoparia with 24—28 spine- like setae and 18-21 very short conical setae; left chaetoparia with 32-38 spine-like setae and 4—5 very short conical setae; dexiotorma elongated and laeotorma shortened; sense cone well developed,
1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 239
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Figures 9-13. Archedinus relictus. Figures 9-12. third-stage larva. Figure 9. Dorsal view of last antennal article. Figure 10. Right hind tarsal claw, inner view. Figure 11. Third abdominal spiracle. Figure 12. Detail of “choles” in the respiratory plate. Figure 13. Fourth right abdominal spiracle of A. relictus pupa. Scale lines are 1 mm in figures 9 and 13, or 0.5 mm in Figs. 10-11.
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sclerotized; acanthopariae with 8 short spine-like setae (Fig. 2). Scissorial area of right mandible with 4 teeth; premolar area without teeth; molar area with 3 flattened lobes; rounded ventral process; slightly prominent calx and brustia formed by 5 setae (Fig. 3). Scissorial area of left mandible with 3 teeth, well separated by 2 notches; premolar area with 2 teeth; molar area with | lobe; acia not developed; rounded ventral process, brustia formed by 5 setae (Fig. 4). Stridulatory area of each mandible absent. Galea with sharply pointed conical uncus; lacinia with | reduced, rounded uncus (Figs. 5—6); maxillary stridulatory area with 12 irregular shaped, not pointed teeth, and a distal rounded process (Figs. 6- 7). Labium short, with scarce medium size setae; hypopharyngeal sclerome well developed, with asymmetrical, rounded, heavily sclerotized prominence (Fig. 8). Dorsal surface of last antennomere with 7-10 sensory spots (Fig. 9). Thorax. Prothoracic spiracles 0.80 mm long and 0.56 mm wide. Prothoracic sclerome wide, orange-yellow. Dorsa of thoracic segments covered with a great number of short and medium size setae (0.3-0.9 mm length), and transverse rows of very long slender setae (VLSS) (2.9-3.6 mm length) as follows: pronotum VLSS | (8); mesoprescutum VLSS | (4); mesoscutum VLSS 1 (10-14); mesoscutellum VLSS 1 (4); metaprescutum VLSS 1 (4); metascutum VLSS | (10- 12); metascutellum VLSS 1 (4). Tarsal claws in all the legs similar in size and shape, with 2 internal preapical setae (Fig. 10). Abdomen. Spiracles I-VII similar in size, 0.72 mm long and 0.56 mm wide; spiracle VIII slightly small 0.60 mm long and 0.56 mm wide; respiratory plate yellow, C-shaped, with a maximum of 20-22 irregular ameboid ‘“‘holes” along any diameter; bulla nearly flat with a small central rounded prominence; distance between the two lobes subequal to the dorsoventral diameter of the bulla (Figs. 11-12). Dorsa of abdominal segments covered with a dense cover of short and medium size setae (0.3-0.9 mm length), and transverse rows of very long slender setae (VLSS) (2.9- 3.6 mm length) as follows: segment I VLSS 2 (3-14); II VLSS 3 (4-4-18); II VLSS 3 (10-4-14); IV VLSS 3 (10-4-16); V VLSS 3 (10-3-10); VI VLSS 3 (12-4-18); VII VLSS 3 (10-4-14); VIII VLSS 2 (4-16); IX VLSS 2 (2-10); X VLSS 2 (8-8). Venter of abdominal segments I-VIII also with transverse rows of VLSS (Fig. 13). Anal slit transverse, slightly curved. Upper anal lip with a great number of
240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Figure 14. Lateral view of Archedinus relictus third-stage larva. Scale line is 10 mm.
long, stout setae; lower anal lip with 24-30 VLSS and a great number of short stout setae; septula and palidia absent. Approximate dorsal body length: 70-83 mm.
PUPA. —(Figs. 14-15).—Female. Body elongate, robust, exarate. Yellow-red. Covered by very fine, velvety golden microtrichia. Head. Strongly reflexed downward; antennae and mouth parts clearly separated; occular canthus and compound eyes well differentiated; clypeus tumid; labrum excavate; surface of frons very irregular. Thorax. Pronotal disk with a rounded tubercle near middle of anterior margin and irregular shallow depressions extended toward sides; lateral margins well defined. Meso- and metanota differentiated. Pterotecae narrow, free, not much compressed around body; hind wings slightly longer than elytra. Rounded prosternal process emerging between procoxae; metasternum with 2 divergent carinae. Protibiae with 3 short processes on external borders, ventral sulci and preapical spur well defined; meso- and metatibiae each with 2 rounded apical spurs; all tarsomeres vaguely defined. Abdomen. Terguites I-II with a well developed pair of dioneiform organs; terguites II-VI with 4 pairs of poorly developed dioneiform organs, decreasing progressively in definition and size from terguite III to VI. Pleural lobes II-VI prominent. Spiracle I tuberculiform, protected by anteroventral and posterodorsal fleshy folds. Spiracles II-IV tuberculiform, protected inside deep ovate, partially opened chambers, located in the prominence of each pleural lobes (Figs. 14-15); the inner walls of such spiracular chambers lack velvety golden microtrichia. Spirales V-VI closed and sunken sur- rounded by rugae. Spiracles VII-VIII closed, very small, surrounded by fine rugae. Sternites II-VII with fine transverse striae. Last terguite only with a pair of small rounded tubercles, without urogomphi. Genital ampulla wide, flattened, slightly bilobated by fine mesial sulcus. Body length: 38 mm. Max- imum body width: 14 mm.
Diagnosis. —The great number of very long slender slightly red setae that cover nearly all the body, the very reduced cranial chaetotaxy, the structure of spiracles, and the absence of stridulatory areas in the mandibles distinguish the third-stage larva of Archedinus relictus from any other Trichiinae larvae. The larvae of Inca clathrata sommeri and Inca bonplandi are also very large (80-120 mm) and bears
1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 241
Figure 15. Lateral view of Archedinus relictus female pupa. Scale line is 10 mm.
dense vestiture, but present dorso-epicranial setae, the lobes of respiratory plates are more approximated, the “holes” of respiratory plate are not ameboid in shape; the mandibles present fine ovate stridulatory areas; and each tarsunguli bears a pair of basal setae, instead the pair of preapical setae observed in A. relictus. The third-stage larval cast skin of A. relictus present the ecdisial opening shortened, running from epicranial suture to third abdominal terguite, like J. clathrata. Dif- ferences and similarities with other Trichiinae larvae are evident in the attached key, which includes data from Howden (1968), Ratcliffe (1977), Costa et al (1988) and Delgado & Moron (1991).
On the other hand, the structure of pupal abdominal spiracles II-IV ofA. relictus (Fig. 13) is completely different from other known spiracles in the pupae of Trichiinae, Cetoniinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Melolonthinae. The position of a tubercle-like spiracle with small rounded atrium at the bottom of a polished deep cavity represents a very different design within the rotten log inhabiting scarab species. Usually, the spiracles II-IV of the xylophilous pupae are narrow slit apertures with conspicuous peritremae, partially hidden between the inter- segmental folds (vg. Dynastinae, Rutelinae) or are rounded apertures with thick- ened peritremae placed on rounded tubercles (e.g., Trichiinae, Cetoniinae).
Material Examined.— MEXICO. STATE OF CHIAPAS. Angel Albino Corzo Municipality, Reserva “El Triunfo’, 28 Feb 1984, 1850 m, R. Terr6n, under rotten log of Guarea sp. (Meliaceae), 8 third- stage larvae, | cast skin of third-stage larva reared to pupa.
KEy TO THIRD-STAGE LARVAE OF SOME AMERICAN TRICHIINAE Modified from Ritcher, 1966 and Moron, 1983)
ik Clithra present. Abdominal segments [X—X dorsally fused. Maxi- mum width of head capsule 5-7 mm. (Southern to Southeastern Canada and Northeastern to Central U.S.A.)
242
2(1).
PAS
3(1').
4(3').
4'.
5(4’).
a
6(3).
6’.
7(6').
i
8(7').
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Abdominal spiracles VII-VIII larger than spiracles I-VI. Dorsa of abdominal segments VII-VIII each with 2 annulets, each bearing a transverse patch of fairly short setae and a posterior, sparsely set row of longer setae ..O. eremicola Knoch and O. subplanata (Casey) Abdominal spiracles I-VIII similar in size. Dorsa of abdominal seg- ments VII-VIII each with 2 widely separated, sparsely set rows of long setae but with only a few short setae anterior to each row ee ee Le ee SULT eee ee, ee eee O. scabra (Beauv.) Premolar area of left mandible without teeth. Last antennal segment with 1-3 dorsal sensory spots. Maximum width of head capsule Gad sGa TOT, S srt eu Ri A A, Ya ee ee nO ae 6 Premolar area of left mandible with 2 teeth. Last antennal segment with 7-13 dorsal sensory spots. Maximum width of head capsule GIO=S Ove, ee ee. 5 Rie net Ae Ne ee ere 4 Stridulatory area of each mandible absent. Dorsoepicarnial setae ab- sent. Maxillary stridulatory area with 12 irregular, not pointed teeth. Spiracle respiratory plates with ameboid shaped “holes.” Tarsal claws with 2 internal preapical setae. Dorsa and venter of abdominal segments with a great number of very long (2.9-3.6 mm length) slender setae. (Southern part of State of Chiapas, Mex- 1CO) Ra re og Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken Stridulatory area of each mandible present, well developed. Dorsoe- picranial setae present. Maxillary stridulatory area with 8 sharply pointed teeth. Spiracle respiratory plates with polygonal shaped “holes.” Tarsal claws with 2 internal basal setae. Dorsa and venter of abdominal segments with a great number of long (0.8—2.7 mm) slender Séta@. 5.40.0 nee Inca LePeletier & Serville... 5 Head capsule with 4—5 dorsoepicranial setae and 4 posterior frontal setae on each side. Labrum with 10-12 discal setae. (Eastern and Southeastern Mexico to Panama) .. I. clathrata sommeri Westwood Head capsule with 3 dorsoepicranial setae on each side and without posterior frontal setae. Labrum with 4 discal setae. (Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina) .................. I. bonplandi Gyllenhal Last antennal segment with 3 dorsal sensory spots. Haptomerum without spine-like setae or tooth-like process. Maxillary stridula- tory area with 3 sharp, anteriorly directed teeth. Head capsule with 1 dorsoepicranial seta, 1 posterior frontal seta and 3 anterior frontal setae on each side. (Southern part of State of Guerrero, Mexico) MD er Re na Iridisoma acahuizotlensis Delgado & Moron Last antennal segment with 1 dorsal sensory spot. Haptomerum with a circlet of stout, spine-like setae interrupted by a tooth-like process
Scissorial area of left mandible with 2 teeth. Lacinia with a single terminal uncus. (Southeastern U.S.A.) ...............0 000000 A re a ke ere ee CaO ee Trigono peltastes delta (Forster) Scissorial area of left mandible with 3 teeth. Lacinia with 2 basally LUSCOSUING Ig =: he 8: cakee Zee. cel ea Ree Esa RA ot onda te. 8 Frons with an anterior semicircular depression. Labrum without a
1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 243
median, transverse, emarginate protuberance. (Southeastern Can-
ada and Northeastern U.S.A.) ....... Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch) 8’. Frons without anterior depression, convex. Labrum with a median, transverse, emarginate protuberance ...... Trichiotinus Casey... 9
9(8'). Spiracles of abdominal segment VIII much smaller than those of abdominal segments I-VII. Raster with more than 50 very small, stout setae among and anterior to which are only a very few long acicular setae. (Eastern Texas to Virgina, U.S.A.) ..............
Ee ek tee ee ee ee ee See Ree T. lunulatus (Fabr.)
9". Spiracles of abdominal segments I—-VIII similar in size. Raster with 40 or fewer, very small, stout setae among which, or anterior to which, are many long, acicular setae ..................0.00005 10
10(9’). Raster with less than 10 very short setae, all of them spine-like and borne close to lower anal lip posterior to the acicular setae. (Southern Canada, Central and Northeastern, U.S.A.) ...................
AES SEEN, SSS SING Pw =. Sar ee Oe T. affinis (Gory & Percheron)
10’. Raster with 15 or more very short setae, but all of them not always spine-like. Short setae scattered among the long, acicular setae 11
11(10’). Maxillary stridulatory area with 2-4 sharp teeth. (Southern Canada and Northern U.S.A.) .....0..00......00000004 T. assimilis (Kirby)
11’. Maxillary stridulatory area with 4-6 sharp teeth ................ 12
12(11’). Each lateral, pedal area on the sterna of abdominal segments II-VI usually with 3-5 setae. (Southeastern Canada and Eastern U.S.A.)
er ee eee ee ee ey eee ee ee oy T. piger (Fabr.)
12% Each lateral, pedal area on the sterna of abdominal segments IJI-VI with 2 long setae. (Eastern U.S.A.) .............. T. bibens (Fabr.) ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special thanks are extended to Roberto Terron (UAM-X, México City) for providing the larvae of A. relictus.
LITERATURE CITED
Costa, C, S. A. Vanin & S. A. Casari-Chen. 1988. Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museo de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo.
Delgado, C. L.& M.A. Moron. 1991. A new genus and species of Trichiini from Mexico (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol. 67: 181-188.
Howden. H. F. 1968. A review of the Trichiinae of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scar-
_ abaeidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 54.
Krikken, J. 1984. A new key to the suprageneric taxa in the beetle family Cetoniidae, with annotated lists of the known genera. Zool. Verhand, 210.
Moron, M. A. 1983. Los estados inmaduros de Inca clathrata sommeri Westwood (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae, Trichiinae) con observaciones sobre el crecimiento alométrico del imago. Folia Entomol. Mex., 56: 31-51.
Moron, M. A. 1987. Los estados inmaduros de Dynastes hyllus Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Melolon- thidae, Dynastinae) con observaciones sobre su biologia y el crecimiento alométrico del imago. Folia Entomol. Mex., 72: 33-74.
Moron, M. A. 1993. Observaciones comparativas sobre la morfologia pupal de los Coleoptera Melolonthidae neotropicales. G. it. Entomol., 6: 249-255.
244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Moron, M. A. & J. Krikken. 1990. A new Mesoamerican genus of Trichiinae (Coleoptera: Scara- baeoidea). Folia Entomol. Mex., 78: 71-84.
Ratcliffe, B. C. 1977. Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Osmoderma subplanata (Casey) and Cremastocheilus wheeleri LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 50: 363-370.
Ritcher, P.O. 1966. White Grubs and their allies. A study of North American Scarabaeoid Larvae. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 245-246, (1995)
Scientific Note
NEW HOST RECORD FOR METANOTALIA MADERENSIS (WALKER) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Mercet erected the monotypic genus Metanotalia for M. hispanica from Spain; he found only females on wild grasses near arroyos or rivers (Mercet, R. G. 1921. Fauna Iberica. Himenopteros, Fam. Encirtidos: 175-177). Noyes (Noyes, J. S. 1978. Ent. Mon. Mag., 113: 9-13) determined that M. hispanica was a synonym for Ectroma maderensis Walker, described from Madeira (Walker, F. 1872. Notes on Chalcidiae, 7: 116), and reported it as the new combination, M@. maderense. He later corrected the specific name to M. maderensis, and reported it from New Zealand and California (Noyes, J. S. 1988. Fauna of New Zealand, 13: 84-85). Hoffer recorded this species from Spain, Italy, Corsica, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and the Crimea, and noted that it had been reared from a pseudococcid species (Hoffer, A. 1977. Stud. entomol. Forest. 2: 229).
In June 1993, Iswept M. maderensis adults (all females) from intermixed vetch (Vicia cracca L.) and wild oats (Avena sp.) mostly alongside roads, from 7 sites in five northern California counties (Alameda, Contra Costa, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Clara). The oats were fairly dry, but the vetch was flowering. I did not find any free-living M. maderensis on wild oats in the absence of vetch. I found no living mealybugs on either plant species, but collected 2 mealybug mummies from oats in Sunol (Alameda Co.). One mummy produced a single M. maderensis female 3-4 d after it was collected; the other had no emergence.
The empty mummy was dissected in chloralphenol (1 part liquified phenol: 1 part chloralhydrate); I found a single set of larval mouthparts with a well-formed epistoma indicating that the emergent M. maderensis was probably a primary parasitoid.
The other mealybug mummy was identified as Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Although first described in Madeira, this species may have originated in the New World and thence spread to Madeira and main- land Africa. The mealybug is known from throughout southern North America, the Carribean and South America, and has been recorded from numerous hosts (Williams, D. J. 1987. Bull. ent. Res., 77: 335-356).
In 1994, I found a specimen of which resembles M. maderensis with the label “Univ. of Calif. B.I.I. Nr. A25” at the University of California at Riverside. This label refers to the Beneficial Insect Investigation Unit, formerly part of California’s Department of Agriculture, and precursor to the present Division of Biological Control at Riverside. Record A25 refers to a shipment of 48 parasitized mealybugs collected from pomelo and guava in Taiwan (Shinten Konglswan, Taipeh Hsein) on 9-11 Oct. 1951 by T. Maa and sent to Stanley Flanders (S. Frommer, pers. comm.). There are no records of this species having been actually released in California.
Specimens of M. maderensis have been deposited in three institutions: the Essig Museum at the University of California, Berkeley, the Bohart Museum at the University of California, Davis, and the California Academy of Sciences in San
246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Francisco. The unemerged mummy was retained at the Plant Pest Diagnostic Center of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento.
Acknowledgment. —Leo Caltagirone of the University of California, Berkeley conducted the dissections. Ray Gill of the California Department of Food and Agriculture identified the Phenacoccus madeirensis mummy and Junji Hamai of the University of California, Berkeley identified the plants.
Robert L. Zuparko, Laboratory of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, 1050 San Pablo Avenue, Albany, California 94706.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 246-248, (1995)
Scientific Note
VESPULA GERMANICA (FABR.) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Fabr.) is native to Europe, north- ern Africa and western Asia (Spradbery. 1973. Wasps, Univ. Washington Press). Isolated specimens, often initially misidentified, have been occasionally taken in the USA since 1891 (Menke & Snelling. 1975. Coop. Econ. Ins. Rep., 25: 193- 200). It has been known to be breeding in the USA since Wagner & Reierson (1971. Natl. Pest Contr. Oper. News, 31: 6-7, 30-32) described a nest of the species found in New Jersey in 1971. This wasp has spread throughout the north- east quadrant of the USA (MacDonald & Akre. 1984. Entomol. News, 95: 5-8) and into the Pacific Northwest (Akre, Ramsey, Grable, Baird & Stanford. 1989. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 65: 79-88). On the west coast, V. germanica has been pre- viously reported as far south as San Francisco (Gambino. 1987. Pan-Pac. Ento- mol., 63: 358). Here we report the establishment of this wasp in southern Cali- fornia.
Workers were first collected in southern California in Los Angeles County on 31 Jan 1991 (Garrison. 1993. L. A. Co. Agric. Comm. Off. Bulletin, 2 pp., and pers. comm.). In Orange County, V. germanica colonies were collected from wall voids on 29 Aug 1991 in Los Alamitos, and 30 Jun 1992 in Cypress (N. Nisson, pers. comm.). On 31 May 1993 in Los Angeles, DAR identified 3 queens and 10 males collected from inside a residence, but no nest could be located. PK V iden- tified a large active nest discovered 25 Jul 1993 in a closet ofa vacant, earthquake- damaged house in Claremont (Fig 1.). The plasterboard had fallen away from the wall allowing the wasps to expand the nest from a wall void into an exposed closet space. The nest dimensions were approximately 1 m long by 0.5 m wide. Given its large size, this colony may have overwintered at least one year. On 17 Nov 1993, an active nest was identified by RSV in Riverside built around the trunk of an ornamental date palm tree. This nest was founded in a cavity among the axils, and was subsequently expanded and wrapped around the terminal axil bases
1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 247
Figure 1. Nest of Vespula germanica found in the closet of an vacant, earthquake-damaged house in Claremont, CA.
for approximately 1.5 m with a uniform height of 1 m. There were multiple entrances through the envelope of the nest carton.
Vespula germanica now appears to be firmly established in southern California, being found consecutively for several years, and is probably overwintering or building perennial nests since specimens are being taken throughout the year, nests sometimes attain very great size, and males have been found in the spring.
These findings represent the southernmost area in the USA from which V. germanica has been collected. It has spread westward, but not far southward from its introduction in the northeastern USA, (MacDonald, Akre & Keyel. 1980. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 26: 436-442). In the Palearctic, V. germanica extends into subtropical climates. Its successful invasion of subtropical southern California, in varied urban environments from cooler, coastal areas (Los Angeles and Orange Counties) to the hot, dry inland desert areas (Riverside County) suggests that temperature alone does not limit its distribution in the eastern USA.
Vespula germanica exhibits behavioral differences in America in comparison with its European form. In particular, these wasps, in North America, most often build nests in cavities or voids whereas subterranean nests are predominately built in the Palearctic region (MacDonald, Akre & Keyel. 1980). Since the southern California nests have been found in both structural and landscape situations, its status as a pest to humans may increase the incidence of yellowjacket related stinging episodes.
Voucher specimens identified by the authors have been deposited in the museum collections of the University of California, Riverside.
248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Acknowledgment.—We thank Jolene Redvale of the San Bernardino County Museum for bringing the Claremont nest to our attention and to K. G. Ross, R. W. Matthews and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported in part by NSF grant BNS 9120639 to PKV.
R. S. Vetter, P. K. Visscher and D. A. Reierson. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 248-250, (1995)
Scientific Note
DIGGER WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) AND ROBBER FLIES (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) ON MONTANA RANGELAND
Digger wasps and robber flies have been reported to take short-horned grass- hoppers as prey, with some predators apparently specialized upon Acrididae (Rees, N. E. 1973. USDA-ARS Tech. Bull. 1460). While conducting research on grass- hoppers and robber flies during the summers of 1987-1993, I obtained 56 records of three species of digger wasps and five species of robber flies preying on grass- hoppers at three sites in SW Montana. These records are reported here, along with brief descriptions of nesting behavior of the wasps.
I made all observations at three locations: 1) Madison River Site (MRS)— 14 km south of Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana (45°45’ N, 111°35' W), 2) Dead Cow Pasture (DCP)—5 km south of Three Forks, 3) Horseshoe Hills (HH)— 6 km NE of Logan, Gallatin County Montana. All three sites were grassland, with the predominant grasses at MRS and HH being Stipa comata Trinius & Ruprecht and Bouteloua gracilis (Humboldt et al.) Lagasca y Segura ex. Steudal. At DCP, these grasses had been replaced by crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. as part of a range management program in the 1960s. Prey records are listed by species, where possible, with the nymphal stage (1.e., instar in roman numerals) or adult sex given in parentheses.
North American species of the sphecid genus Prionyx prey solely upon acridid grasshoppers and, except for one species, place their prey within shallow unicel- lular nests (Evans, H. E. 1958. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51: 177-186). The prey I collected from nests of seven Prionyx atratus (Lepeletier) females included four grasshopper species, Aulocara elliotti Thomas (2 f), Melanoplus packardii Scudder (2 f), Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.) (2 f), and Trachyrachis kiowa Thomas (f). All were collected at MRS, except the two M. sanguinipes which were collected at DCP.
1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 249
Female behavior and nest structure of this species were similar to that described by Evans for P. atratus. While digging nests, the females stored their already paralyzed prey in clumps of grass, 1-2 m from the nests. All prey were placed head inward into horizontal cells 2.5 to 4.0 cm long and 2.5 to 4.5 cm deep at the center. The burrow leading to the cell was 3 to 8 cm in length and set at an angle of 30 to 45° to the soil surface. I found eggs on three prey; two were laid on the basal portion of the right hind femur and one was attached to the right side of the thorax just posterior to the mesothoracic leg. A small larva on one of the eggs may have been a miltogrammine fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an adult of which was seen entering a nest on one occasion. In a fourth nest, excavated two days after it was provisioned, a small wasp larva was feeding near the right hind coxal cavity. After provisioning a single cell with a single prey, nests were immediately closed by the females packing soil into the burrow.
I also observed nesting females of other unidentified Prionyx that may have been one or both of the species with red abdomens that I have collected at the same sites: P. canadensis (Provancher) and P. parkeri Bohart and Menke. As with P. atratus, these three females dug shallow unicellular nests that they stocked with a single prey on which an egg was deposited on the right hind femur. I observed two of the prey being stored within clumps of nearby vegetation while the wasps were constructing their nests. The two prey collected at MRS were Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder) (f) and T. kiowa (f); at DCP the female provisioned the nest with an A. elliotti (f). I also observed three Tachytes sp. females carrying acridid prey of the species 4A. deorum (V at MRS) and M. sanguinipes (V at DCP and V at MRS).
I observed robber flies of four genera feeding on 12 species of Acrididae. The prey of Efferia staminea (Williston) at MRS included: Aeropedellus clavatus (Tho- mas) (1 V), Arphia conspersa Scudder (1 II), Aulocara elliotti (1 I, 1 IV), M. packardii (1 II), M. sanguinipes (1 II, 3 III, 3 IV), Melanoplus sp. (1 IV), Phli- bostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas) (4 IV), and Psoloessa delicatula Scudder (1 I, 2 II). At HH, this species preyed upon M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) (1 IV), P. quadrimaculatum (2 IV), and P. delicatula (1 I). Grasshoppers comprised 2% of 1074 prey that I observed for this species from 1987 to 1992. Similarly, in a previous study of this species, Acrididae made up 4% of all prey (Lavigne, R. J. & F.R. Holland. 1969. Univ. Wyo. Agric. Expt. Sta. Sci. Monogr. No. 18). Such low values are not surprising for a predator that takes prey from a wide variety of insect taxa (O’Neill, K. M. 1992. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1546-1552).
Two other species of Efferia, E. bicaudata (Hine) and E. frewingi (Wilcox), also occurred at MRS, but, because females are difficult to distinguish, the prey records for this species are combined. Although P. delicatula (4 II, 2 III) was the most common prey, I observed the Efferia preying upon A. deorum (m) and P. quad- rimaculatum (1 V, 1 m). At MRS, I observed the asilid Machimus occidentalis (Hine) preying upon M. sanguinipes (II) and P. quadrimaculatum (Il); these com- prised 1.7% of 120 prey (unpublished data).
The robber fly Scleropogon coyote (Bromely) was relatively rare and incon- spicuous at the study sites, but like Stenopogon picticornis (Loew) (Lavigne, R. J. & F. R. Holland. 1969) and Proctacanthus milbertii MacQuart (Joern, A. & N. T. Rudd. 1982. Oecologia 55: 42-46), it preyed primarily on late instar and adult grasshoppers (10 of 15 prey records). At MRS, I observed this species taking A.
250 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
elliotti (m), P. quadrimaculatum (1 m), P. nebrascensis (Thomas) (V), and T. kiowa (3 m). At DCP they preyed upon A. clavatus (f) and A. deorum (f), and at HH upon 4A. deorum (f) and Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder (IV). The other prey taken by this species included two conspecifics, one Megaphorus willistoni (Wil- liston) (Asilidae), one sarcophagid fly, and one crambine moth (Pyralidae). Scler- opogon coyote prey selection did not strongly overlap that of the other predators. Unlike the Efferia and Machimus, whose prey were 94% nymphs, 80% of the prey of S. coyote were adults (n = 10). In addition, six of eight of the adult prey of S. coyote were males, while all 11 of Prionyx prey were females.
Although robber flies have some potential for significant impact on grasshopper populations (Joern & Rudd 1982), many robber flies also prey on natural enemies of acridids, thus potentially counterbalancing any positive economic impact (Rees, N. E. & J. A. Onsager. 1985. Environ. Entomol., 4: 20-23). At the study sites, I observed robber flies preying on species of Sarcophagidae, Bombyliidae, Asilidae, and Sphecidae that are known to attack grasshoppers. Furthermore, most asilids readily switch prey preferences as the local abundance of potential prey changes (O’Neill 1992). The sphecid species discussed here may be more specialized upon acridids, but their impact on grasshopper populations will be difficult to measure because their prey choice and activities are more difficult to observe than those of asilids.
Acknowledgment. —I thank the following for identifying specimens: Howard E. Evans (Sphecidae), Eric Fisher and C. Riley Nelson (Asilidae), and Jeffrey Holmes (Acrididae). Ruth O’Neill and Kathleen Johnson provided assistance in the field. Cathy Seibert and William Kemp provided comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by USDA/ARS, USDA/APHIS-PPQ, and the Montana Ag- ricultural Experiment Station. Contribution J-2927 from the Montana Agricul- tural Experiment Station.
Kevin M. O’Neill, Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Boze- man, Montana 59717.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 250-251, (1995)
Scientific Note
THE IDENTITIES OF ANAGRUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) EGG PARASITOIDS OF THE GRAPE AND BLACKBERRY LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA
The grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn, is an important pest of grape vineyards in California’s Central Valley. Eggs of E. elegantula were reported to be attacked by Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and this parasitoid was believed to overwinter in eggs of Dikrella sp. (Homoptera: Cica- dellidae) on blackberry (Doutt, R. L. & J. Nakata. 1965. J. Econ. Entomol., 58:
1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE ZA
586). Subsequently, it was concluded that the close proximity of blackberry plants to vineyards would improve parasitism of E. elegantula eggs on vines (Doutt, R. L., J. Nakata & F. E. Skinner. 1966. Calif. Agric., 20(10): 14-15).
In the 1980s the variegated leafhopper, EF. variabilis Beamer, replaced E. ele- gantula in importance. Parasitism of eggs of E. variabilis was much lower than that of E. elegantula (Settle, W. H. & L. T. Wilson. 1990. J. Anim. Ecol., 59: 877-891), which led to the current investigation of the mymarid egg parasitoids. As apart of the above-mentioned study, mymarid wasps were reared from different leafhopper species and screened for parasitism of E. elegantula eggs (Doutt, R. L. & J. Nakata. 1973. Environ. Entomol., 2: 381-386). Specimens of Anagrus Haliday from this collection, stored at the University of California, Berkeley (hereafter CISC), were examined. My taxonomic investigation of the material revealed at least two species of Anagrus with different host associations that had been previously identified as A. epos.
Anagrus sp. “A” was reared from E. elegantula eggs on both cultivated and wild grapes. This species has five sensory ridges on the antennal club and therefore belongs to the incarnatus species-group of Anagrus (Chiappini, E. 1989. Boll. Zool. Agr. Bachic., II, 21: 85-119). Anagrus sp. ““B,’” which was reared from eggs of Dikrella sp. on blackberry, has three sensory ridges on the club and belongs to the atomus species-group of Anagrus as defined by Chiappini (1989).
Specimens of Anagrus sp. “A” are somewhat similar to the original description of A. epos (Girault, A. A. 1911. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 37: 253-324), which is also a member of the incarnatus species-group. However, because of the existing uncertainty about the identity of A. epos, it is appropriate to call the examined material of Anagrus sp. ““A”’ A. sp. near epos Girault. To better clarify taxonomic separation of these specimens, A. epos should be thoroughly redescribed from a good series of fresh specimens collected in its type localities (Centralia and Urbana, Illinois) and Anagrus sp. “A”? compared to A. epos.
Material Examined.— Anagrus sp. “A”: CALIFORNIA. FRESNO Co.: Kingsburg, 15-20 Apr 1965, J. Nakata, suction trap in vineyard, multiple females and males. KERN Co.: Delano, 7-21 Aug 1961, R. L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, multiple females and males. MERCED Co.: Delhi, 7 Aug 1961, R.L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, 1 female; same data except McConnell St Pk, 28 Jul, 25 Oct, and 1 Nov 1961, multiple females and males; same loc., 24 Jul 1961, R. L. Doutt and F. E. Skinner, on wild grape, multiple specimens. STANISLAUS Co.: Ceres, 13 Oct 1961, R. L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, 2 females, 3 males; same loc., 24 Jul 1961, R. L. Doutt and F. E. Skinner, 7 females, 1 male; same data except on wild grape, 4 males. TULARE Co: Exeter, 7 Aug 1961, R. L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, 5 females, 3 males. Anagrus sp. “B’’: CALIFORNIA. FRESNO Co.: Laton, Cole Slough, 13-31 Mar 1963, J. Nakata, on Rubus, 17 females. MADERA Co.: Madera, 25 Feb 1963, J. Nakata, on Rubus, 3 females. SAN JOAQUIN Co.: Manteca, Caswell Mem St Pk, 29 Apr 1963, R. L. Doutt, by suction machine on Rubus, 3 females. TULARE Co: nr Kingsburg, Kings River at Mt View Ave, 23 Jan 1963, J. Nakata, ex. cage of Rubus, 2 females; same data except Feb 1963, 3 females; Exeter, 11 Mar 1963, J. Nakata, on Rubus, 9 females [all in CISC].
Acknowledgment.—I thank Robert Zuparko for the loan of material and Kent M. Daane for the review of the manuscript.
Serguey V. Trjapitzin, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0314.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 252, (1995)
Scientific Note
THE FIRST RECORD OF MIXED NESTS OF CONOMYRMA BICOLOR (WHEELER) AND CONOMYRMA INSANA (BUCKLEY) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Dolichoderine ants of the genus Conomyrma are common in California and the southwestern states. Two common species occur in southern California, Con- omyrma insana (Buckley), which is monodomous and monogynous in California (but sometimes multiple nests may be in proximity), and Conomyrma bicolor (Wheeler), which is polygynous and polydomous. Some northern Florida popu- lations of C. insana are polygynous and polydomous (Nickerson, J. C. et al. 1975. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68: 1083-1085. This geographical variation in colony organization indicates that C. insana is a complex of several species that are mostly allopatric (Berkelhamer, R. C. 1984. Ins. Soc., 31: 132-141.). Mixed nests of C. insana and Conomyrma flavopecta (M. R. Smith) have been found in northern Florida where the polygynous and polydomous C. insana is a temporary social parasite of the monogynous C. flavopecta (Buren, W. F. et al. 1975. Psyche, 82: 306-314).
On 16 Jun 1993, in bare area along an oleander bed in a city park, I observed workers of both C. insana and C. bicolor emerging from the same nest entrances of four different colonies. Previous to this discovery, only C. insana had been nesting there for the last four years. The last time I noticed the nests were occupied only by C. insana, was the week of 19 Apr 1993. By 1 Jul 1993, C. bicolor was in the majority in all four mixed nests and had established an additional two nests. By 14 Jul 1993, the nests were occupied only by C. bicolor.
As of 31 Jul 1993, the C. bicolor colonies had increased to a total of nine nests, with much traffic between the nests in food sharing.
From my observations I believe that where C. bicolor is dominant it is aggressive towards C. insana and eliminates colonies of the latter by attacking their nests and I have observed aggressive interaction between the two species.
Material Examined. —CALIFORNIA. LOS ANGELES Co.: Long Beach, Los Cerritos Park, 16 Jun 1993; Long Beach, El Dorado Park East Area 3, 20 May 1994.
Acknowledgment.—I thank Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University for con- firming my identification of the ants, my wife Charlean for reviewing the manu- script, and my sister Yolanda Weis and nephew Eric Weis for manuscript prep- aration. Renaldo Espinosa and Robert I. Martinez also aided in this study.
Michael J. Martinez, City of Long Beach, Department of Parks, Recreation and Marine, 2760 Studebaker Road, Long Beach, California 908 15-1697.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 253-254, (1995)
Scientific Note
OCCURRENCE OF TWO MARINE MIDGES PONTOMYIA SPP. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN TAIWAN
Pontomyia midges exhibit morphological adaptation to marine environment and are exclusively marine (Tokunaga, M. 1932. Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto Imp. Univ., 19: 1-56). Four species have been described in this genus which was designated by Edwards (Edwards, F. W. 1926. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 51: 779- 806). Pontomyia species are mainly distributed among the archipelago, 43° N to 39° S in the western Pacific with records of most species from Japan, Australia, and some Pacific islands (such as Samoa and Palau, and P. pacifica Tokunaga from Singapore), but no Pontomyia sp. has been recorded from Taiwan and the neighbouring regions (Cheng, L. & H. Hashimoto. 1978. Syst. Entomol., 3: 189- 196). We report P. oceana Tokunaga and P. natans Edwards from Taiwan in this paper.
We witnessed the mass emergence of P. oceana imagoes on the evening on 20 Nov 1991. Male imagoes skimmed on the sea-water surface at ca. 2 m/sec search- ing for females. They moved quickly during copulation and looked like a web on the water surface. The larvae and pupae of P. oceana nest on rocks or polychaete tubes to a depth of 10 meters. They feed on detritus, and use detritus and sand particles to build tubes in laboratory culture. In Kenting, South Taiwan, we ob- served in situ the pelagic atherinid fish (Al/anetta bleekeri Gunther) and the marine water-strider (Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki) preying on the imagoes as they emerged. There are only two previous records of P. oceana from Palau (7°30' N, 134°35’ E) (Tokunaga, H. 1964. Micronesia, 12: 485-628) and Australia (23°27' S, 151°55' E) (Marks, E. N. 1971. Aust. Natur. His., 17: 134-138). Our obser- vations expand its range. The latitude of Taiwan localities is likely similar to that for the Australian record and may represent the boundaries of P. oceana distri- bution; perhaps related to the lower temperature limit for embryonic development (ca. 13° C: Chen, G. F. 1993. Master Thesis, Nat. Sun Yat-sen Univ).
One male P. natans imago was trapped at night at Lanyu Island on 5 Apr 1992. We certified a mass emergence of only male P. natans from southern Taiwan in July, 1992; female imagoes are unknown. Apparently, P. natans has a different mating strategy than P. oceana. Pontomyia natans has been reported from Japan and Australia (Cheng, L. & H. Hashimoto. 1978. Syst. Entomol. 3: 189-196). The presence of P. natansin Taiwan expands its distribution in the western Pacific.
Acknowledgment. —We thank Professor H. Hashimoto of General Education Department, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan, for his kindly verifying iden- tification of specimens and making comments on this study; Dr. L. Cheng of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego for introducing J. D. Lee to the study of marine insects, and Professor P. S. Alexander, Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taiwan, for reviewing the manu-
254 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
script. This research was supported by a grant from the Kenting Marine Station, the college of Marine Science of the National Sun Yat-Sen University.
Material Examined. —ROC. TAIWAN. PINGTUNG Co.: Wanlitung Village (21°59’ N, 121°41' E) and Howan Village (22°02’ N, 121°41’ E), 20 Nov 1991, J. D. Lee, P. oceana, 10 males, 5 females; TAITUNG Co.: Lanyu Island (22°03’ N, 121°30’ E), 5 Apr 1992, J. D. Lee, P. natans, 1 male; PINGTUNG Co.: Wanlitung Village (21°59’ N, 121°41' E), 15 July 1993, G. F. Chen, P. natans, 20 males.
Jeng-Di Lee,! Gwo-Fang Chen,? and Chin-Seng Chen,? 'Division of Collection and Research, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; ?Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kao- hsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; *Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 255, (1995)
Change of Editor and Address for Manuscript Submission
Beginning with the January 1996 issue of Volume 72, Dr. Robert Dowell will assume the position of Editor for The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Effective also with the January 1996 issue, Dr. Richard Penrose of CDFA has accepted the position of Associate Editor for the journal.
Effective immediately, all manuscripts submitted to The Pan-Pacific Entomologist should be addressed to:
Dr. Robert V. Dowell
Editor - The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Pest Detection and Emergency Projects Branch, California Dept. of Food & Agriculture,
1220 "N" Street,
Sacramento, California 95814
Bob, who is proving a welcomed relief for my six year tenure at the editor's post, has served as Associate Editor for the journal since 1992; he should, therefore, realize what the job entails. Dick, a taxonomist by training, but obviously naive about editing and the friends you can make doing it, will be handling all articles on systematics. Their assumption of these posts should provide a relatively smooth transition for the journal. Thanks guys and good luck - and never underestimate the time, energy or complaints involved with this, or any other, journal.
Bob and I have jointly analyzed the past, present and future of this journal, as well as that of entomology in the western U.S., and we agree on the direction in which The Pan-Pacific Entomologist should proceed, if it is to remain competitively viable - that of a Pacific-Rim targeted publication, as its name suggests. Although our affiliated organization, The Pacific Coast Entomological Society, was founded in San Francisco, in 1901, to serve basically northern California, and later evolved to encompass the western Nearctic region, it is now clear that the entire Pacific-Rim composes the "Pacific Coast."
John Sorensen, Editor, 1990-1995 ("free at last")
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 256-258, (1995)
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Contents for Volume 71
ALEXANDER, B. A.— Descriptions of the female of Nomada dreisbachorum Moalif (Hymenop- tera: Apoidea: Nomadinae) ......... 130
ALINAZEE, M., see KASANA, A. .......... 142
ANDREWS, F. G.— An atypical new species of Cor- ticarina from the Clarion Islands, Mexico (Coleoptera: Lathridiidae: Corticariini) ....
110
Announcement: Change of editor and address for manuscript submission 255
Announcement: New journal submission address, new laboratory building: Plant Pest Diag- nostics Center 74
BARTHELL, J. & R. STONE— Recovery of the par- asite Triarthria spinipennis (Meigen) (Dip- tera: Tachinidae) from an inland California Population of the introduced European ear- wig 137
BARTHELL, J. & H. V. DALy— Male size variation and mating site fidelity in a population o. Habropoda depressa Fowler (Hymenoptera. Anthrophoridae)................... 149
BaTzeER, D. P.—Aquatic macroinvertebrates re- sponse to short-term habitat loss in experi-
mental pools in Thailand ........... 61 BAYLAC, M., see GUILBERT, E. .......... 3 BERNAYS, E., see MONTLLOR, C. B. ...... 93 BEzARK, L., see DREISTADT, S. H. ....... 135 BisHop, J., see SCHOLL, A. .............. 113 BORDEN, J, see Lapis, E. B. ............. 209
BRAILOVSKY, H.— New genera and new species of Neotropical Coreidae (Hemiptera: Heterop- COTA) Ar ae tah Me Re yh tee, Paks 217
Burts, E., see HorTON, D.R. 176
CALDERWOOD, J. A.—A new species of Poecilan-
thrax from California (Diptera: Bombyli-
LCF io) ee Ce eee ot eee | 204 CAMPBELL, B., see SORENSEN, J. T. ....... 31 CHEMSAK, J., see LINSLEY, E. G. ......... 1 CHEN, C.-S., see LEE, J.-D. .............. 253 CHEN, G.-F., see LEE, J.-D. ............. 253 Coop, L., see HorTon, D.R. ........... 176
CROSLAND, M. W. J.—Nest and colony structure in the primitive ant, Harpegnathos venator (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ......
DALY, H., see BARTHELL, J. ............. 149
DREISTADT, S. H., K.S. HAGAN & L. G. BEZARK— Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coc-
cinellidae), first western United States recors for this Asiatic lady beetle 135 Epmunps, G. F. Jr. & C. M. MuRvosH— Obitu- ary: Richard K. Allen (1925-1992) .. 75 Epmunps, G.F. Jr. & C. M. MurvosH—System- atic changes in certain Ephemeroptera stud-
Ted by. ROK. -Allemed.v...4e5 6-5 be na ed ieee ELAM, P., see SUMMERS, C. G. ........... 190 GILL, R., see SORENSEN, J. T. ........... 31 GRAHAM, M., see MONTLLOR, C. B. ...... 93
GUILBERT, E., M. BAYLAc & J. NAjT—Canopy arthropod diversity in a New Caledonian pri- mary forest sampled by fogging ..... 3
GULMAHAMAD, H.—The genus Liometopum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in California, with notes on nest architecture and structural importance 82
GULMAHAMAD, H.—The desert dampwood ter- mite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) as a struc- tural pest in the Colorado desert of southern
CaltiOniide:.. eet is! we Sy geet ok et 105 HaGan, K., see DREISTADT, S. H. ....... 135 HAMalI, J., see MONTLLOR, C.B.......... 93
Honpba, J. Y. & S. V. TRIAPITZIN—A species de- scription and biological comparsion between a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hy- menoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Tricho- grammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabu- lodes aegrotata (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Ge- ometridae) 227 Horton, D. R. & T. M.—Tethered flight character- istics of male and female pear psylla (Ho- moptera: Psyllidae): comparison of prerepro- ductive and reproductive individuals
Horton, D. R., E. C. Burts, T. M. Lewis & L. B. Coor—Sticky trap catch of winterform and summerform pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyl- lidae) over non-orchard habitats 176
JOHNSON, J. B., T. D. MILLER & W. J. TURNER— Lalapa lusa Pate (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae): new localities and new floral associations in the Pacific Northwest 64
Kasana, A. & M. T. ALINAZEE— Adult flight dy- namics of walnut husk fly (Diptera: Tephrit- idae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon ..
142
Lapis, E. B. & J. H. BoRDEN— Role of wavelength- specific reflectance intensity in host selection
1995
by Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homop- tera: Psyllidae) 209 Leg, J.-D., G.-F. CHEN & C.-S. CHEN—Occur- rence of two Pontomyia spp. (Diptera: Chi- ronomidae) in Taiwan 253 LEONG, J. M., R. P. RANDOLPH & R. W. THORP— Observations of the foraging patterns of An- drena (Diandrena) blennospermatis Thorp (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) ........ 68 LEONG, K. L. H.—Initiation of mating activity at the tree canopy level among overwintering monarch butterflies in California .... 66 Lewis, T., see HORTON, D.R. ....... 24, 176 LINnsLEy, E. G.—The banded alder beetle in nat- ural and urban environments (Coleoptera: Cerambicidae) 133 LINSLEY, E. G. & J. CHEMSAK—Obituary: Celeste Green, scientific illustrator, 1913-1994
Mackay W. P.—New distributional records for the ant genus Cardiocondyla in the New World (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 169
MarTINEz, M. J.—The first record of mixed nests of Conomyra bicolor (Wheeler) and Cono- myra insana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: For- micidae) 252
MILLER, T., see JOHNSON, J. B. .......... 64
MONTLLOR, C. B., E. A. BERNAYS, J. HAMAI & M. GRAHAM— Regional differences in the distri- bution of the pyralid moth Uresiphita rev- ersalis (Guenée) on French broom, and in- troduced seeds 1.5, dein. eres gues als 93
Moron, M.-A.—Larva and pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken (Coleoptera: Mel-
olonthidae, Trichiinae, Incaini) ..... 237 Murvosu, C., see EDMUNDS, G. F. JR. ........ J aABE S Jew e 08 ell Rs Fd Belt Oy Walia TOV SEL. NajT, J, see GUILBERT, E. .............. 3 NeEwTONn, A., see SUMMERS, C.G. ....... 190
Noor, M. A.—Long-term changes in obscura group Drosophila species composition at Mather, California ................. 71
Noor, M. A.—Incipient sexual isolation in Dro- sophila pseudoobscura bogotana Ayala & Dobzhansky (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
O’NEILL, K. M.—Digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and robber flies (Diptera: Asili- dae) as predators of grasshoppers (Orthop- tera: Acrididae) on Montana rangeland ....
OBRECHT, E., see SCHOLL, A. ............ 113 PoOLHEMUs, J. T.—A new genus of Hebridae from Chiapas amber (Heteroptera) ....... 78 Punzo, F.—Feeding and prey preparation in the solpugid, Eremorhax magnus Hancock (Sol- pugida: Eremobatidae) ............. 13
CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 71
257 RANDOLPH, R., see LEONG, J. M. ........ 68 REIERSON, D., see VETTER, R. S. ......... 246
Rust, R. W.—Adult overwinter mortality in Os- mia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenop- tera: Megachilidae) ................ 121
SAVARY, W.— Dacne picta Crotch: a recently in- troduced pest of stored, dried shiitake mush- rooms (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) ...... 87
SCHOLL, A., R. W. THorp, J. A. BisHop & E. Os- RECHT— The taxonomic status of Bombus al- boanalis Franklin and its relationship with other taxa of the subgenus Pyrobombus from North America and Europe (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 113
SHIAO, S.-F. & W.-J. Wu—A new Liriomyza species from Taiwan (Diptera: Agromyzidae) .....
a Re vet yn ct oe AR nh ee a? 161
SORENSEN, J. T., B. C. CAMBELL, R. J. Git & J. D. STEFFEN-CAMPBELL— Non-monophylly of Auchenorrhyncha (“‘Homoptera’’), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolution- ary and cladistic implications within pre- Heteropterodea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a pro- posal for new monophyletic suborders ....
STARY, P. & R. L. ZUPARKO—A new species of Trioxys (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from
CAMPOL ia 2) 6.12).! Med les ces ae ee 173 STEFFEN-CAMPBELL, J., See SORENSEN, J. T. .... Raat aban Me raat eats SAG oe EN Pag ieat, es 31 STONE, R., see BARTHELL, J. F. .......... 137 STRONG, D., see TRJAPITZIN, S. V. ....... 199
SUMMERS, C. G., P. Elam & A. S. NEWTON JR.— Colonization of ornamental landscape plants by Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) 190
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Index for Volume 71 259
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Table of Contents for Volume 71 256
THoRP, R., see LEONG, J. M. ............ 68
THORP, R., see SCHOLL, A. .............. 113
TRJAPITZIN, S. V.—The identities of Anagrus (Hy- menoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homop- tera: Cicadellidae) in California 250
TRIJAPITZIN, S. V. & D. R. STRONG—A new An- agrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg par- asitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera: Del- DHACIGAG) Stare cee in Aen eee, 199
TRJAPITZIN, S., see HONDA, J. Y. ........
TURNER, W., see JOHNSON, J. B. ......... 64
VETTER, R. S., P. K. VISSCHER & D. A. REIERSON— Vespula germanica (Fabr.) in southern Cal- ifornia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) .... 246
VISSCHER, P., see VETTER, R. S. .........
258 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)
Wu, W. J.-J., see SHIAO, S.-F. ........... 161 ZuPARKO, R. L.—New host record for Metano-
ZUPARKO, R. L.—New records of Trichosteresis talia maderensis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Foerster from the western United States (Hy- Encyrtidae): % saves eves e deceuers ots 245
menoptera: Megaspilidae) .......... 65 ZuPARKO, R., see STARY, P. ............. 173
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 71(4): 259-261, (1995)
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Index to Volume 71 (title and key words)
18S rDNA phylogeny 31
Acrididae 248
Agromyzidae 161
Aleyrodidae 190
America 237
Anagrus 199, 250
Anagrus sophiae NEW SPECIES 199 Andrena (Diandrena) blennospermatis 68 Andrenidae 68
Anisocelidini 217
Anthrophoridae 149
ants 18, 169
Apidae 113
Apoidea 130
aquatic macroinvertebrates 61 Arachnida 13
Archedinus relictus 237 Archeorrhyncha, new proposed suborder 31 arthropoda 3
Asilidae 248
Auchenorrhyncha 31
banded alder beetle 133 Bemisia argentifolii 190 biodiversity 3 biogeography 113 blackberry 250
body size 26
Bombus alboanalis 113 Bombyliidae 204 Braconidae 173
Brazil 217
bumble bee genetic relationships 113
Cacopsylla pyricola 176
California 66, 71, 82, 105, 137, 173, 204, 246,
250 canopy arthropod diversity 3 canopy fogging 3 Cardiocondyla 169 Celeste Green, scientific illustrator 1 Cerambicidae 133 Chiapas amber 78 Chironomidae 253 Cicadellidae 250 Cicadomorpha 31 cladistics 31 Clarion Islands 110 Clypeorrhyncha, new proposed suborder 31 Coccinellidae 135 Coleoptera 87, 110, 133, 135, 237
Coleorhyncha 31 colonization 190 colony structure 18 Colorado desert 105 Conomyra bicolor 252 Conomyra insana 252 Coreidae 217 Corticariini 110 Corticarina keiferi NEW SPECIES 110 cosmotropical 169 Cytisus 92
Dacne picta 87
Delphacidae 199
Dermaptera 137
desert dampwood termite 105
digger wasps 248
Diptera 125, 137, 142, 161, 204, 248, 253 dispersal 176
Drosophila 71
Drosophila pseudoobscura bogotana 125 Drosophilidae 125
eco-evolution 31
Ecuador 217
egg parasitoids 199, 227, 250 Encyrtidae 245
enyzme electrophoretics 113 Ephemeroptera 157 Eremobatidae 13 Eremorhax magnus 13 Erotylidae 87
Eucallipterus tiliae 173 Europe 113
European earwig 137
feeding 13
flight activity 142
flight characteristics 24 flight dynamics 142 floral associations 64 fogging 3
foraging patterns 68 Forficula auricularia 137 Formicidae 18, 82, 169, 252 fossil 78
French broom 93 Fulgoromorpha 31
Genista 92 Geometridae 227
260
grapes 250 grasshoppers 248
Habropoda depressa 149
Harmonia axyridis 135
Harpegnathos venator 18
Hebridae 78
Hemiptera 31, 217
Heteropsylla cubana 209
Heteroptera 78, 217
Heteropterodea 31
Homoptera 24, 31, 176, 190, 199, 209, 250
host plants 190
host selection 209
Hymenoptera 18, 64, 65 68, 82, 113, 121, 130, 149, 169, 173, 199, 227, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252.
immature stages 237 Incaini 237 F insect distribution 92 introduced pests 87 introduced species 169 introductions 169 invasions 169
Isoptera 105
Kalotermitidae 105
lady beetles 135
Lalapa lusa 64
larva 237
Lathridiidae 110
Latin America 169 leafhoppers 250 Lepidoptera 227 Leptoscelidini 217 Leucaena leucoephala 209 Liometopum 82 Liriomyza 161
Liriomyza litorea NEW SPECIES 161
Malvanaioides luridus NEW SPECIES 225 mate-location 149
mating activity 66
mating behavior 125 mating site fidelity 149 mayfly 157
Megachilidae 121 Megaspilidae 65 Melolonthidae 237 Metanotalia maderensis 245 Mexico 110
modeling 176
molecular phylogeny 31 monarch butterflies 66 monophylly 31
Montana 248
morphology 237
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 71(4)
mortality 121 mushrooms 87 Mymaridae 199, 250
Nematopodini 217
nest architecture 82
nest structure 82
nesting site 149, 169
nests 18, 252
New Caledonian primary forest 3 New Caledonia 3
New World 169
new associations 173
new host records 245
new records 65, 169, 252 Nomada dreisbachorum 130 Nomadinae 130
North America 113
Onoremia NEW GENUS 217
Onoremia acuminata NEW SPECIES 217 Oregon 142
ornamental landscape plants 190 Orthoptera 248
Osmia lignaria propinqua 121
overwinter mortality 121
overwintering 66
overwintering hosts 190
pacific northwest 64 Paraneotermes simplicicornis 105 parasites 137
parasitism 137
pear psylla 24, 76
Peru 217
Plant Pest Diagnostics Center 74 Poecilanthrax 204
Poecilanthrax brachypus NEW SPECIES 204 Pontomyia 253
pools 61
precipitation 92
predation 169
predators 248
prey preparation 13
Prokelisia 199
Prosorrhyncha, now proposed suborder 31 protandry 149
Psyllidae 24, 176, 209
pupa 237
Pyralidae 92
Pyrobombus 113
rangeland 248
reproductive isolation 125
response to short-term habitat loss 61 Rhagoletis completa 142
Richard K. Allen 75, 157
robber flies 248
1995 INDEX TO VOLUME 71
Sabulodes aegrotata 227 sampling 176 Scelionidae 227 seasonal flight 142 sexual isolation 125 silverleaf whitefly 190 size 149
Solpugida 13
solpugids 13
speciation 125 Sphecidae 248 Sternorrhyncha 31 sticky traps 176
stored products 87 structural importance 82 structural pests 105 suborders 31
Tachinidae 137
Taiwan 161, 253
tarsus 204
taxonomy 157, 237
Telenomus 227
Telenomus hugi NEW SPECIES 227
Tephritidae 142
Thailand 61
Tiphiidae 64
Tovarocoris NEW GENUS 217 Tovarocoris ecnomiscos NEW SPECIES 217 tree canopy 66
Triarthria spinipennis 137
Trichiinae 237
Trichogramma platneri 227 Trichogrammatidae 227
Trichosteresis 65
Trioxys 173
Trioxys californicus NEW SPECIES 173
Uresiphita reversalis 93
Vespidae 246 Vespula germanica 246
walnut husk fly 145
wavelength-specific reflectance intensity 209 weeds 93 Willamette Valley 142
PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors
See volume 66(1): 1-8, January 1990, for detailed general format information and the issues thereafter for examples; see below for discussion of this journal’s specific formats for taxonomic manuscripts and locality data for specimens. Manuscripts must be in English, but foreign language summariesare permitted. Manuscripts not meeting the format guidelines may be returned. Please maintain a copy of the article on a word-processor because revisions are usually necessary before acceptance, pending review and copy-editing.
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Data Formats. — All specimen data must be cited in the journal’s iocality data format. See volume 69(2), pages 196-198 for these format requirements; if you do not have access to that volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before submitting manuscripts for which these formats are applicable.
Literature Cited. — Format examples are:
Anderson, T. W. 1984. An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Blackman, R. L., P. A. Brown & V. F. Eastop. 1987. Problems in pest aphid taxonomy: can chromosomes plus morphometrics provide some answers? pp. 233-238. Jn Holman, J., J. Pelikan, A. G. F. Dixon & L. Weismann (eds.). Population structure, genetics and taxonomy of aphids and Thysanoptera. Proc. international symposium held at Smolenice Czechoslovakia, Sept. 9-14, 1985. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Ferrari, J. A. & K. S. Rai. 1989. Phenotypic correlates of genome size variation in Aedes albopictus. Evolution, 42: 895-899.
Sorensen, J. T. (in press). Three new species of Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol.
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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Volume 71 October 1995 Number 4
Contents
TRJAPITZIN, S. V. & D. R. STRONG—A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg
parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) 22... ices eeeeeeeesenneeeeeeeeenenneneeeserenenee 199 CALDERWOOD, J. A.—A new species of Poecilanthrax from California (Diptera: Bombyli-
LOL) cell NE RLS Ry ta hy. Ste, BN Aa TE) ee DNL ORE, ed et en 204 LAPIS, E. B. & J. H. BORDEN —Role of wavelength-specific reflectance intensity in host
selection by Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae) 2.0 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 209
BRAILOVSKY, H.—New genera and new species of Neotropical Coreidae (Hemiptera: TLS TEROP. VST A) ee Mee ee Ace aE RE emer Peta ye AE 8 ao) are led ae smo ae Ae
HONDA, J. Y. & S. V. TRJAPITZIN— A species description and biological comparison between a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabu- lodes desrotaia (CiMence. | wepriemicta, CCOIICUAGAG) fo ccc sect cso tctectttee eee nent Lae
MORON, M.-A.—Larva and pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken (Coleoptera:
Nrelalonttiictine:. ietenititya es bree yy ete a eae Nees ut le Sl ee ge Daa, SCIENTIFIC NOTES ZUPARKO, R. L.—New host record for Metanotalia maderensis (Walker) (Hymenoptera:
FTC TCD st ck ont: S| amen et eats One MR Mt Le A, a Mantes ash tates Uthat fe eae 245 VETTER, R.S., P. K. VISSCHER & D. A. REIERSON— Vespula germanica (Fabr.) in southern
Cali Ora ivinie tieibeena ss Co ptiee perc eG ke 246 O’NEILL, K. M.—Digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)
as predators of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Montana rangeland ....... 248
TRJAPITZIN, S. V.—The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in California ........... 250
MARTINEZ, M. J.— The first record of mixed nests of Conomyrma bicolor (Wheeler) and
Conomyprmd insana (Buckley) (Aymeneptera: Formicidae) .2220.0.2. ok... ee yan wd LEE, J.-D., G.-F. CHEN & C.-S. CHEN—Occurrence of two marine midges Pontomyia spp.
CDT ioTa: {eel IPCm eM MOae RT. WaAdWatio vacuk ule oe ae owe ee Bee ee 253 Announcement: Change of editor and address for manuScript SUDMISSION oo co eeeecsssseeeeccceeeeeeeeeee 255 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Table of Contents for Volume 7h... eccccscsscceessesssesssssnssssnenesecteeeets 256 Pie Pan Faemced: nrcjoosinm Indexotory oblime 71 io to Se ER eee OE a al 259