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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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inp

BENT

i COMPLETE IN 42 PARTS. 50 CENTS.

Our Living World;

Ae RTS LOSE DITrrON OF THE

Mevid: GrVVOOD'S

NATURAL HISTORY

ANIMATE CREATION.

REVISED AND ADAPTED TO

AMERICAN ZOOLOGY,

JOSEPH Bb. HOLDER, . M.D:; Fellow of the New York Academy of Neiences; Member of the Society of Naturalists, #. U. & ; Member of the American Ornithologists’ Union; Curator of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York.

FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH SCIENTIFIC ACCURACY. VOL. III.

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aD eG ae a emi 2a ei i) PRINTED BY G ° fi ON D. G.F, CLASS Joe "SY" __xew vork__ “CF

ia dA Gig eNO a.

S IN the first and second volumes, we present, additional to the English

author’s ‘Compendium of Generic Distinctions,” a table of Classification

Cg and Nomenclature. The Reptilia and Batrachia form the subjects of this

XAG a8 Cs volume.

The published Reports of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, and the various Bulletins and Papers of the National Museum and Smithsonian ‘Institution, have been of equal importance in affording the most recent facts and views touching American Zoology.

For the use of the contents of these works, and the privilege of publishing tables in full, we acknowledge the courtesy of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

The Fishes and Invertebrates are catalogued and described very fully in the above-mentioned publications, all of which are accessible to students or those desiring further technical knowledge, but their contents are too voluminous to be fairly

utilized in this volume. Je wee

Vou. 1.

CON aes,

PAGE CLASS REPTILES. 3 Section SHIELDED REPTILES,—Order CHELARIANS; or TORTOISES: 5 True Tortoises— Testudinidae.......... asa Steven ners 6 Merrapins— My Gide ico ieseiara'scine se orice c dese < pars 9 Aquatic Tortoises—Chelididae,.....2.c0ccesseesers 17 Ott wl Urb eS—— T7107) CLOG. sce. ct vores sus v'vie/e:t'e'e'e:aiviete’a 72 19 Sea Durtles——Ohelontad aes sccscte: s1a a's.e.g 4 sustmsm nfo ake svoe 21 Order EMYDOSAURIT; or TORTOISE-LIZARDS: 28 Crocodiles—-Crocodtdae:. 4 scsi te siete ieee caay oars 29 Allisators— Alig Qtortd ae 'ar..cie viarasiare ofelv eave oot cea s 35 Order AMPHISBABNIA: Amphisbenidae.............4...- 38 GH GIO Te ita e rio, a aia sreagp gia ncart cierto wire sar Sais.eve 38 Section SQUAMATA; or SCALED REPTILES, — Order SAURA; or LIZARDS.— Sub-Order Srpro- GLOss.e; or SLENDER-TonGuED Lizarps.— Tribe CYCTOGAURA pons tacoma sh eaciesecancns< St wiles 40 Monitors—Monitoridae 0.02.0... cece ee eee 40 IGPU eXINS—CLAG | esas eis dssicimsarainicg.eas wines e's 43 Mrue: Lizards—Lacertinidae: « ..s0.ncenssseies oe esse 45 Band-Tailed Lizards—Zonuridae................+- 50 Cylindrical-Bodied Lizards—Chalcidae............ 54 Other Families of Lizards—Anadiadae, Chirocolidae, Cercosauridae, Chamesauridde.. 0.0.6... e eee ee 55 Tribe GEISSOSAURA: 55 Gape-Eyed Skinks—Gymmnophthalmidae, .......... 57 Pagopus, Delma—Pygopidae............--..00005- 57 Aprasia— Aprasiadae.—Lialis—Lialicidae........... 58 SKinksS—-Scncidae.... a. .ccesscieccce stance Se cmnetes 58 Ophiomore—Ophiomoridae.—Seps—Sepsidae........ 68 Javelin Snake—Acontiadae..........2.00.20. 00 eae 69 Blind Reptiles—Typhlinidae, Typhlopsidae......... 70 Rough-Tailed Lizards—Uropeltidae.. .............+ 71 Sub-Order PacHyGuussak; or THick-Tonaurp Lizarps.— Tribe NycTisauRa: Geckos—Geckotidae......... ual Tribe StrRopiLosaura: True Iguanas—IJguanidae...... + 10 Iguanas of the Old World—Agamidae............. 84 Tribe DENDROSAURA; or TREE LIZARDS. 22.6 ..00020 000005 89 Order OPHIDIA; on SNAKES: 93 WAC CLErS—-C POLI es sreyiic wrstw s/c. eraisco srsiexeisiseas eisetiive 95 Wipers Viperrdae ic scisct= <c'ste ws -waiarerasss axes its ore cratered 104 River and Sea Serpents—Hydridae................ 115 IB OAS —!BOLIGEsaiala a eauis ti o ots aicialoe | oietacare eee sree 118 Conocephalus—Calamaridae,—Schaap-Sticker with other species—Coronellidae,........0....0020eees 125 Water Snakes—WNatricidde.........c cece e cece eee 127 RRACErS—COMDTinGe cats ci ces 41478105 4 o/s valcre sue aisles 130 Tree Serpents—Dryadidae .....-........ 0c ee eee 134 Almost-Toothless Serpents—Dasypeltidae, or Rachio- OTL OLLG wratetates sc seatakers tapout tts udiesatoreseiets cteetatctete ney alse ste 137 True Tree Serpents—Dendrophidae................ 157 Wood Snakes—Dryiophidae. .... 00.00.0002 eee eee 139 Dipsas—Dipsadidae. — Deadly Serpents — Elapidae (commencing with Banded Bungarus.)...... ....2-..0.0000- 140 Other Families of Deadly ise es ili oa ALT AGUASTIOLUGE care. ciaievs o:3) orate fb nails wis. oceueiat weve velines 149 Order BATRACHIA; or FROGS AND TOADS.—Sub- Order BaTRACHIA SArentra; or Leapina Ba- TRACHIANS: 149 A. Aglossa; or Tongueless Batrachians: Dactyle- UMUC, CEUTOO: svi custciale a ea-esieisie see vie sso ee 150 B. Opisthoglossae; or Tongued Batrachians: 151 True Frogs—Ranidae .................045 152

Vou. III.

Horned and Land Frog—Cystignathidae........... rts Painted Frog—Discoglossidae.—Nurse Frog—Aly- LOG a Morar dicikio eis asstecans Fitge arity 91s ae slacaeinedneyy Bs gee 159 Toads —BUfOnidaes, 60 Misa cay get eo ceden yews ence we 160 Polypedatidae, Hylidae.........+.44- 164 Tree-Frogs, | Pelodryadae (represented by the Blue Frog), or { Phyllomedusidae (represented by the Bicolor Tree-Toads. | TreeFrog)....-.-scsceeecesscesseesees 168 PL UUPIESUARE Si. cra tisha e sib tiatala« a\cle) pine whe 169 C. Proteroglossa; or Batrachians with Tongue free in front: Rhinophryne—Ihinophrynidae............ 169 Sub-Order Barracuia GRapipntia; or CRAWLING Ba- TRACHIANS: 170 Slama ee Dg ga ceticetarnaard clesarescioss 170 < Plethodontidae (commencing with Japanese ders. Salamander) oes ec sees cece ose 175 Order PSEUDOSAURIA; or FALSE BATRACHIANS: Gigantic Salamander, ete.—Protonopsidae,......-.. 176 Congo Snake, ete.—Amphiumidae............0644. 179 Order PSEUDOPHIDIA; or FALSE SERPENTS (genus Caecilia). — Order PSEUDOICTHYAS; 9 or FISH-LIKE REPTILES...... Sekine nc einee 180 Order MEANTIA, comprising odd forms of CRAWLING IBATRACHTANS: Protetdaey jci.cu.nes sc crrnsew aa cesveis 185 Mid Hel—Sirenidae: .os.2scscnesescce eiiscnee Serine 186 CLASS PISCES; oR FISHES. iss Order CHONDROPTERYGII; or SOFT-FINNED FISHES.—Sub-Order ELEUTHEROPOMI; or FREE- GILLED Fisues: Sturgeon and Shovel-Fish— BUTDONSET WAN 22 acc aac csthin bes wan Sar eae Hoke te 190 Spoon-Bill Sturgeon—Polyodontidae. ...........65. 192 Chimaeras—Chimerridae .... 0.2.0.0. 0-0 cece eeeceees 193 Sub-Order TREMATOPNEA; or Fishes with Gills fixed to Bars. —Sub-Section Squat, comprising Sharks and Shark-like Fishes: Dog-Fishes—Scyllidae....... 196 Sharks—Squdhdee.... fcc ccecscacncncsaneccneceees

Angel-Fish—Squatinidae

Sub-Section Ratt; or Rays: Saw Fish—Pristinidae.—True Rays—Raidae - 206 Order ACANTHOPTERYGII; or SPINE - FIN NED FISHES: Sticklebacks—Gasterosteidae ......... 212 Fishes with Compressed Body—Berycidae......... 216 Perchés=Perc1dae wis. ssa oa Bide e temeciarisee reese 217 Lip Bishes—Labridae. scteuiicsaeee cei petas seca ene 221 Kakaan, Capeuna, Bodian—Pristipomidae......... 224 Mnllets—MulliGGe:.,..ccvecetan ces saciee sale ciewis toa are ne 226 Braize, Snapper, Gilt-Head, ete.—Sparidae. Scaly- Finned Fishes—Squamipinnes.—Chetodouts— Chewdontnde,. oc ccscetsee eset cs dance nedvenea 228 Archer-Fish— Towotina.— Chilodactyle —Cirrhitidae, —Gurnards—Trigudae .....65.ce seals cock cave we 231 Uranoseopus, Sting-Fish, Sillago— Trachinidae.... 238 Tooth-Scaled Fishes—Sciaenidae ...... 02.0000. 0 00s 240 BeGUna— SPY TQenrdae. aici e aves 08 oes Gisponiale eae dieies oF 242 Hair-Tailed Fishes— Trichiuridae...........0..0085 243 Mackerels—Scombridae.......- 000.0000 cece eee 244 Cordonnier, Rudder- Fish, Horse-Mac eer =Oerene (0. re sits eieciatns Se) syns Crawler 249 Sword Fishes— Xiphiidae... ea an é03 250 GODlUS—GoOlnAde acs bree suinvace inane ate a senven acu 251

v1 CONTENTS.

PAGE Quoit-Fishes—Discoboli....... Meda Sewer ei so 253 Frog-F ne enh Pediculati bday cetlewalee at 255 Blennies— Blenraidae. Soeaaemce sean ae 256 Deal-Fish and Gymne ae us—Trae hypteridae. . 258 Surgeon and Thorntail—Acanthuridae. .... 0.2.0.5. 259 Climbing Perch—Labyrinthici..... 6.6.6.0. cee ee 260 Sand Smelt—Atherinidae.—Gray Mullet—Mugilidae 261 Snake-Head- § Ophiocephalidae ......- 662620. ee eee 262

ed Bishess, it GOpOMdQe tsa sgirvisaaret tects ae eect. 263 Spike-Bearing Fishes—Centriscidae........ 0.60.05. 263 Snake-Bodied Fishes--Fistularidae.—Lel-like Fishes

——Nastacemlelides.. osc dcp ovis 9 45° aie e5gcn © alevereceare 264

Order MALACOPTERYGIE; or Fishes having fins with

rays closely jointed.—Sub-Order Bracut: Flat

Fishes—Pleuronectidae .....2..0serceseeeeeneenns Cod-Fish—Gadidae eee fr CDG. ocho cowinaene cares eet varewe e } Anguillidae, Congeridae, Muraenidae.. Eels. set : hGH ULM wesc =e cueuatemerel=mters siete ( Leptocephalidae............

Sub-Order AppoMINaLes: Blind Fish— Heteropygidlae, . Herring Tribe—Cliperdae. ae Flying Fish, and Pike—FExocrdae..... Va liviG TIS GNOME. o> 2c oa sles wie aregpesa Stargazer—Cyprimdontidae . Carp, Barbel, Bream, ete.—¢ heprentdiie Silurus—Siluridae, Order PLECTOGNATHI; or Fishes w rich come ‘scent jaws: Trunk-Fishes—Scleroderna , ere tte Cera ci Naked-Toothed Fishe a —Cynenicdonies: 289 LOPHOBRANCHIATA; or CREST -GIL LE D FISHES: Sea-Dragon and Pegasus— Pegasiae. Sea-Horse, Great sce and Phylopteryx—

Order

Syngnathidae, 0.22 0..eseeesececesees iste aietnayes aU. Order GANOLEPIDOTI: nig Pike Ses obi 292 Order CYCLOSTOMI: Lamprey, Lampern, Myxine—Pst t-

TOMYZONIGHE . 0 cee aca ee cee ee esse eee eee enaes 293 Order LEPTOCARDIT: Lancelet.......c.:.ccecessseesce se 296 DIVISION INVERTEBRATA; or INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS. 298 Some Early Reminiscences by the American Editor . 298

CLASS MOLLUSCA; OR MOLLUSKS. 302 Sub-Class CEPHALOPODA.—Order DIBRANCHIATA.—

Section OCTOPODA: Argonant—Argonautidae, . 300 Eight-Armed Cuttles— Octopodidae ..- 806

Section DEUAPODA; or TEN-FOOTED CUTTLES: Cala- Maries— Teuhwdee,. ....c0.cccgncecsessnrcsecece 307 Sepia—Sepiadae... 6... ccc cee eee eee eens B8l0 Spirals—Sporalidae. oo... 4. 5.4 re asap ais alana eer aiea Bll

Order TEVTRABRANCHIATA; or FOUR -GILLED ANIMALS: Chambered Nautilus—Nautelidae,.. 311

Order GASTEROPODA.—Sub-Order PRosOBRANCHIATA.— Section SIPHONOSTOMAT A: Strombidae...... 412

= Muricidae...... Sica aia le aia ee hee oie,s 3138 Ove ne | Buccinidae (first example: Whelk)....-... BLT hes i \ Conidae, Volutidae... 0.0... rary | Shells. Re 2 Cypracidae.. ... 62. 0ncwe 322 Section HOLOSTOMATA; or SEA SNAILS: d24 Naticidae, Neritidae. as ‘ 324 ' Cerithiadae,.... Fi .., 825 Turritellidae.. . . F ast 326 Other Fami- | Litormidae..........-.0.-00. e+ 327 lies of TPUPDINIAE: «os ccicse ste seceseomsas a O20 Shells. Haliotidae .... .... paraatnhiye © oes 329 Fissurellidae, Calyptreridae (first exam- | ple: Cap- and Saucer-Limpets

Dentalidae, Chitonidae.

Vor. IIL.

Order PULMONIFERA; OPERCULATE GASTEROPODS: FLOUCKOGE.. 214 wiers) ate = iste

Slugs—Limecidae. . ..

Apple-Snails—Paludinidae......0....0 cece cece eens

Pond-Snails—Limn@idae,...--. 0.0. .c cece ee eeeeee

OPERCULATA,—Order OPISTHOBRANCHIA- TA.—Sub-Order "‘TrcTIBRANCHIATA: Bubble- Shells— Bulla: o.oo cic da cc eeeee tends wn oend

Sea-Pigeons—Aplysiadae,—Indian Umbrella—Pleu- robranchidae....

Section

Sub-Order NUDIBRANCHIATA; or NAKED-GILLED MOo.Luusks: Doris—Doridae.—Dendronotus, and Doto—Tri- toniadae. . . ;

Eolis, and Gleneus—Zolidae

PAGE or INOPERCULATE AND Snails—

Order NUCLEOBRANCHIATA: Carinaria—Firolidae,— Order PTEROPODA; or WING - FOOTED MOLLUSKS.—Sul-Order Turcasomata: Hya- lea, Cleodora, Spike-Shell, and Cymbulia—Hya- leidae.. BUS ae es cltssh cats eta ihh euoucb oe cent ecan eke lees B42

Order BR ACHIC »PC yD iA: Lamp-Shells—- Terebratulidae, Rhynchonellidae, Lingulidae..... 2-0... cece ee B44

Order ACEPHALA;0r HEADLESS MOLLUSKS.—Sub- Order ASIPHONTDAE: Oysters—<Astreidae......... 345

W ing-Shells— Aviculidae 300

Mussels—Mytillidae, . . WE 6, initane ve udasebes, Gel

Noah's mails Mollusks— Unionidae Soler ia sSarent coe tonto 851

Sub-Order Srpuontpa: Cliaims—¢ Namédag, Praeana: —

Cockles—Cardiadae, ¢ ‘ypruadae er coe an 302 Venus Shells—Venertdae, —Through-Shells—Mac- tridae... w alol A SCG je Sua dae: £)el arte SUS Meso aE 353 Serobicularia— Tellindae a Pidrabo Wis weniger 354 Razor-Shells— Solenidae,— Gaper- ‘she f= Myacidae, —Watering Pot-Shell—Gastrochaenidae,....... 300 Piddocks— Pholedidac. snelnena/iayeuelay aly alias Shere 396 Order TUNICATA: Solitary Timicates—Ascidiadae....... 858 Social Ascidians—Clavellinde.—Compound Recta ans— Bolryllidae.—Pyrosoma—Pyrosonidae. .....- 309 Scalpa—Scalpidae........c.ccccce tees sce nteee 360 Sub-Class POLYZOA.—Order INFU NDIL U LATA. Bubs Order CHELOSTOMATA,. 0... wisp. sen ata ana ear tlaly . 361 ( Catenicellidae, Balicor nariadue ..... 362 Cellularidae . . stant 363

Scrupariadae, Farciminariadae, Ge-

Marine ! mellariadae, Cabereadae, Licellar- Polyzoa. \ iadae... Pe ea aa 364 Flustradae, Membraniporidae....... 360 Celleporidae, Escharidae 366 Selenariadae... ‘ 367 Sub-Order CyCLostToMATA: Cristadaue, Tubuliporidae 367 Versicnlariadae (first example: Serialaria lendigeri ) 368 Alcyonidiadae, Pedicellinadae.. 00.6.6... cece veces 369 Order PHYLACTOLAEMATA,.—Sub-Order LOPHOPEA: 369 Fresh-Water § Cristatellidae.. oi... 000. cc.eee cranes 369 Polyzoa. V Plunatellidae. . 371 DIVISION ARTHROPODA. 372 CLASS INSECTA; or INSECTS. 372

Order COLEOPTERA; or BEETLES.—Section PENT A- MERA,—Sub-Section ADEPHAGA.—Stirps GRODE- puaGa: Tiger Beetles—Ciciuelidae. .. . 373

Ground-Beetles, ete.—Carabidae.,............-+44. 375

Stirps Hypropuaga; or Water BEETLES : 375

Great Water Beetle—Dyticidae—Whirlwig Beetles —Gyrtiuadae ee Seren ena sep eps 1 0)

Sub-Section RYPOPHAGA.— Stirns BRACHELYTRA: Rove

Beetles—Sluphylinidae Bie

CONTENTS. vil

PAGE Stirps NECRUOPHAGA; or BuryInG BretiEs.—Seclion CHI- LOGNATHOMORPHA,—Stirps LAMELLICORNES:

Cockchaffer—Melolonthidae .......... cece eee eae 377 Stag Beetle—Lucanidae, ......... 60 cee ese ceee ees 378 Watchman Beetle — Geotrupidae, — Scarabaeus— SS CUTE CLO GUC Bo tery cir eee aYarerstarteranttn ci, nferens seals? seituss Sere = 019 Chrysophora—ulelidae—Hercules Beetle—Dynas- PIE ice ieee. eee Fae ne Sea ie ey eee 380

Section PRIOCERATA, — Stirps Macnrostrernt: Chryso- chroa— Buprestidae. — Spring Beetles—Elateridae (firstexample:(thaiWirefly 2. 5 ccicnc oars gyal coz g'etadshe § gelevevere le 380

Stirps Apruste RNI: Glow-Wor m--Lampyridae, —Dermestes— Dermestidae.—Soldiers and Sailors— Telephoridae. —Ptilinus and Death Watch—Ptinidae.......... 381

Section HETEROMERA: Cardinal Beetle—Pyrochroidae,— Ripiphorus—Mordellidae.—Blister Flies—Cantha-

PLUG xa tales ate i orishctape sacs) io canna craVarc) reba la fa aac sar <ohase tales 382 Section ATRACHELTA; Aes W orm— Tenebr ionidae Water 383 Section PSHUDOTETRAMERA.—Stirps RuyNcHoPorRa: Weevils—Bruchidae, Attelabidae, Curculionidae, Sco- lytidae 383 Section LONGICORNES: Xenocerus—Prionidae, — Musk Beetle—Cerambycidae... i206. esccc sce e esse cees 385 Section PHYTOPHAGA: Tortoise Beetles—Cdssididae,— Chrysomela, and eee Beetle—Chrysome- WOE inca iy wee ace e oa ae Shade eee e ee ae ee es 386 Section PSEUDO TRIMERA: gayhirds— 0 ‘occinellidae..... B86 Order DERMAPTIERA; or EARWIGS................ 387 Order ORTHOPTERA, comprising Grasshoppers, Loc nate. Crickets, ete.—Section CURSORIA: Cockroaches SILER LOG oi 5 castz watar'araiatend 3t>a!av a) srécdnasele ante d/avaeearalshy 388 Section SALTATORIA: Crickets—Achetidae, and Gryllidae 389 Locusts—Locustidae ....... 200s. ec cece cece ees 390 Section AMBULATORIA: Walking Sticks and Suen: PROSE cick aiceiepas cach sake aavat Steelas otis Sas 391 Section RAPTORIA; Praying Taisen Montidne Seca hanal eee 392 Order THYSANOPTERA; or FRINGE-WINGED IN- SECTS.— Order NEUROPTERA, comprising Termites, Dragon-Flies, ete.—Section BIOMO kR- PHOTICA: Termites— Termitidae............... 393 Dragon-F lies—Libellulidae ... 0... eee . 894 Section SUBNECROMORPHOTICA: Lace-Wing F ies — Hemerobiidae.— Ant-Lion— Myrmeleonidae ........ 395

Order TRICHOPTERA; orn CADDIS-FLIES.—Order

Hymenoptera; or Friks anp Brrs,—Section TEREBRANTTIA, — Sub-Section PuytipHaGa.—

Tribe SERRIFERA: Saw-Flies — Tenthredinidae,

Croceridae 397 Sub-Section EvuroMopHaca; or Insect-Eaters.— Tribe Spr-

CULIFERA: Gall

Insects — Cynipidae, — Ichneu-

mons—Ichneumonidae... 0.6.0 eee eee B99 Tribe TUBULIFERA.—Section ACULEATA,—Sub-Se ction—In- SECTIVORA: Cuckoo Flies—Crabronidae. — Sand and Wood Wasps—Bembecidae, Sphegidae, Sco- CLOUT Ma oes reat a OMe tateroteaa ah calc STORES Win se 400 Large-Headed Mutilla— Mutiliidae Mcesa(eere ai Verein gees 401 Sub-Section DipLopreryGi: Solitary Wasps—Eumenidae, ESTING shea. a68.& ase avaca coda faracu tat dy Sie @tleae ani alhtree ¢ 401 Sub-Section MELLIFERA: Honey Bees—Apidae ............ 402 Order STREPSIPTERA, amie Insects parasitic on IB6GS; Wasps; CtCic.. -<desccaee wee wesseocoadia 404 Order LEPIDOPTERA, comprising Butterflies and Moths 404 Section RHOPALOCERA: 406 ( CP UONUL A ate, d 01a 2 5 310: v10s ose ah axe 2ia/8%e 406 LGW CONG oo. 5. 5. crpissessie Bia ne a siersie 409 Butterflies. Danaidae, Nymphalidae............ 411 ELT CUNL OG 2 areata ava'v os vies se ss sisal ene 414 Lycaenidae, Hesperidae............. 415 Section HETEROCERA: 416 6 Sphingidae...... ion ittaa cate Moria 416 Moths. Anthroceridae, Aegeriidae.......... 419 Uraniidae, Hepialidae..........6... 420

Vou, III.

PAGE

fi Bombycadae (Silk-Worm) ........ sees 421

|) APCHICQG! J. cs Gis ca secu tae 6 422

Tithostidae, Noctuidae,........0.4.. 424

Moths. Paeriaiaii a | COOMEUVOOG, iia 5.085) Seton ceereredgyieies es 425

| Tortricidae, Tineidae,.......... 426

AT UCUUIAG se acct seus Serves enema 427

Order HOMOPTERA, comprising the Cicadas, Froghop- pers, Plant-Lice, Cochineal Bug, ete.—Section

PRIMERA CiOdO8 Mos orc oe ses odode e ceeddien 427 Lantern-Flies—Fudlgoridae.. ............2.00 2000s 428 Hoppers—Cercoprdae.. <3. ie. ainieiss ceca ben oie oe 429

Section MONOMER A: Cochineal Insect—Coccidae ......... 429 Section DIMERA; Grape Phylloxera—Aphidae............. 430

Order HETEROPTERA, Whirligigs, Skippers,

comprising Water - Beetles,

Bed-Bugs. — Section HY-

DPT GOT TS Ale orice felled qicne ese eee eels .. 430 Back-Swimmers— Volonectidae.—W ater Bearaon SUNG oa nay hve eas ae as em ieee animacion ase 431 Section AUROCORISA: Wheel- Bug— Reduviidae.—Dala- er — MCHA GE... siertnie ae 140s tie cee bnesicelee ds wee 481 Order APHANIPTERA: Fleas—Pulicidae............ 432

Order DIPTIERA; or TWO-WINGED INSECTS. teshon CEPHALOTA,—Stirps NemMocera: Gnat—Culi-

cidae.—Crane-F lies— Tipulidae. .......... 00.005. 483 Army-W orm—Mycetophilidae..........20220-6-5 .. 43 Section BRACHOCERA,—Stirps Novtacantua: Gad-Fly, Isetse, ete.— Tabanidae..........0 cee ee cece es 434 Stirps ATHERICERA: Common and Bot-Flies—Muscidae, Oestridae. .. bravara KAVA aera ae: aie p Sma esr ANTS esis 435 Stirps PupipaRa: Mowe. or Horse-Flies—Hippoboscidae,— DOO — AME. 2.. cic c.s/n as avigwn na gaase wen caWe bane 487

CLASS CRUSTACEA. 438 PODOPHTHALMATA; or STALKED-EYED CRUSTACEANS.—Order DECAPODA; TEN-

Section

LEGGED CRUSTACEANS, — Sub - Order Bracuyura; or Suort-TatLep Crustackans.... 433 Tribe OXYRHYCHITA: 439 ( Macropodiadae (commencing with the -Steno- Spider d WA GUE \oom cru varecele Ute gie bisieteecereietueiene © 439 Crabs. ND APOUG OS ele cued gaceenares ne ene ene 441 l: TE OT URENOPUOULE 5 -<iecaia ae oni teers aie fies 442 Tribe CYCLOMETOPITA: 445 SWAT IN GaN OeMAdes 5i.a:cbpce oss bat earn slocalecn ees 443 Crabs. d Portunidae ...... ..c2cccecceccecece 445 Tribe CatomMetoPita: Land Crabs— Thelphusidae, Gecar-

NaS RE vere tected er cal. 1c Ric's Soe oso ree Ree Eee 448 Marine C ae ee TU dae (commencing with Pea Crab),

Myc PUT ULB Varco ah Eeushate’ ss aide aio ginal a aceaia, CAG Beare 449 Swift-Footed Cr. abs—Oc ypodidae er 449 Angular Crab—Gonoplacidae.—Painted and Float-

Ing Crab—Grapslaeec sienna ecmeesae users: 451

Tribe OxystoMaTa: Crested and Armed Crab—C ‘alappidae, 452 Urania-Crab, Leucosia, and Nut-Crabs—Leucostidae 453

Mask and Polished Crab—Corystidae... 454 Woolly Crab—Dorippidae.—Scallop Crab—C ‘aphy- ALL aah ete ee eee ae 455 Sub-Order AXOMOURA; or ANOMOURAL CRUSTACEANS: 455 Hairy Crab—Dromiadue.—Bearded, Porcupine, and Noduled Crab—Homolidae ................0000. 456 Frog Crab—Rantiadae.—Extraordinary Forms of ‘Orabs—Aipidae.s .vcc.s oko sae den es gene ened ee 457 Hermit Crabs—Paguridaé,...........600 cece eens 458 Porcelain-Crabs—Porcellanidae...........-. ee eteol Sub-Order Macrovra; or LonG-Tatnep CRUSTACEANS: 462 Common Lobster—(alatheidae. at Lobsters— Scyllaridae. —Spiny Lobster—Pulinuridae Burrowing Crabs— Thalassinidae......... 5 Fresh-Water Cray-Fish, and Salt-Water Lobster— PASUOGULGE sais, e-ilaee &s-aalicnaliecolero 2 2 alae g.d sc Sedoe Savard teed < 465 True Shrimps—Crangonidae .... 2.020.000. e eee 466 Varieties of Shrimps—Alpheidae.—Prawns—Palae- IOLA C2 ccnieie = orate caoava cee St ine a =! claire eis eink eeosine a. 467 Sword-Shrimp—Penaidae. ... 20.4... e eee eee eee 469 Order STOMAPODA; orn MOUTH-FOOTED CRUSTA- CEANS: 469 Oposstm-Shrimps— Mysidae, Phyllosomidae, Brich- thidae SPs Paes 5 ANG ets See Meee meme re aceon Shee cpa ea wt Mantis- Shrimp — Squittidae. pea ats Gare eaten aT:

Vill PAGE Sub-Class EBRIOPHTHALMATA; or SESSILE-EYED CRURT- ACEANS sipin misrqacateseidieiay ances plies sities 472 Order AMPHIPODA; or AMPHIPODOUS CRUST- ACEANS: Jumpers—Orchestridae 472 Sand-Screws—Gummaridae, Corophiddae............ 47e Parasitic Shrimps —Phrowimadae......0. 0.20. +. 474 Caddis- and Fresh-Water Shrimp (‘These belong to the just mentioned families Corophidae, resp. Gammaridae ) 475 Order LAEMODIPODA; ok ~THROAT-FOOTED CRUSTACEANS: Skeleton-Screw—Caprellidae, 476 W hale-Louse—Cyanadae . 77 Order ISOPODA; orn EQUAL-F OOTED CRUSTA- CEANS: Arcturus—ZJdoteidde...............000. fez | Gribble — Asellidee’ eic.5.< desc acecrasetsrars'e 6 ages ed stoner ace 478 Great Sea-Slater—Oniscidaue. — Woodlouse—Porcel- Qonidae,—Poll- W vodlouse—Armadillidae, —... 479 Order or Suli-Cluss EN'TOMOSTRACA; or ENTOMOS- TRACANS: — Gill- Footed Entomostracans— EIT ECHAUPOO ROAR: Os a ster e Sasi a athe tied tere sar 480 Order CLADOCERA; BR ANCH- HORN S: W ater- Flea, and Moina—Duphniadae. bt W bs waseleee eck as 481 Chydorus— Lynceidae, Polyphemidae Cee iare = S82 Order OSTRACODA: Cy ypris Cypridae. — Cythere—Cy- theridae,-—C ypridin: 1—C ‘ypridinadae. erat Coie 483 Order COPEPODA: OR OAR-FOOTED EN TOMOSTRA- CANS: Cye ne —Cyclopidae, — Cetochilus—Ceto- chilidae . 484 Legion PokciLopopa; or Vanious-Footep ENTomostra- GANG icclees Roo ce i nee 485 Order SIPHONOSTOMA; on TUB-MOUTHED ENTO- MOSTRACANS: Argulus—- Sn e: —Caligus —Caligidae 3 485 Tribe PACHYCEPHA, comprising Entomostr acals W ith broad, shield-shaped heads: Nicothoé, and other Fish: Parasites—Ergusilidae 485 Order LERNEADA; orn SUCKING FISH-PAR ASITES. 486 Tribe ANCHORASTOMACE \E; or ANCHOR Frsu-Parasires: Chondracanthus, Le rnaeodiscus, Jacculina, ete.— C hondracanthidae 486 Tribe ANCHORACARPACHAK; Anchor-Parasites. upon Cc arps, ete: Perch-Sucker—Ler naeopodadae, — Anchor- ella—Anchorelladae.—Shark-Sucker—Penelladae,. 486 Carp Sucker—Lernaeoceradae. . . . 487 Order PYCNOGONIDES, comprising odi forms of Crusta- ceans. — Order XIPHOSURA; or SWORD- TAILED CRUSTACEANS. Wedatiets oben e 487 Order CIRRIPEDIA; or BARNACLES: 488 Goose Mussel— Lepadidae srrettsgerotconen plerailyi Sie ad eraser acy 489 Acorn Barnacle Balanidae sfecersieetae CLASS ARAC HNID. AB, coniprising Spiders, Scorpions and Mites. ...... 49%

Order ARANEIDA;

Tribe OctonocunIna; or Eraut-Kkyep Anracuipa: Crab-

Spider, Mygale, and ‘Trap-Door Spider—IMyga- lidae ; eters wleiatsaae Oe Wolt- Spider Ys — Lycosidae Grinsted Farin eo eae ta Hunting Spiders—Sullic idae, { Crab- Spide rs— Thoniisidde,.... 0.0... ce cee ccc ee OL Cell-Spiders—Drussidae, ; Tube Wy caving Spiders—( niflonidae. Safes Argelena, Tegenaria, Caelotes, ‘The ridion, ‘Liny- phia, Tetragnatha—aAgele nidae.— Garden- Spider, and V arieties— Epeiridae ; ; 2 5 Tribe Bixocuntna; or Two-EykEp ARACHNIDA " (Nops) Tribe Sexocuntna; or SiX-EyED ARACHNIDA

Order PSEUDOSCORPION ES; or FALS Order PEDIPALPI; or Phr ynidie

Rock-Seorpion— Scorpionidae. ACARINA; on MITES: Harvest- Bue ~~ Gamasidae —Hippopots unus-Tie ie eothdae . Flour-Mite- Hog- and

TRUE SCORPIONS: Phrynus,

Order

Dos - Tick — Pedic ulidae, — — Deer- and

Horse-Lick —Philopteridae sete .. 618

CLASS MYRIAPODA, 520

Order CHILOPODA;

Cermatidae,

Tribe Honorarsta: Lithobius—L ithobiidae, Centipedes—Scolopendridae

Arthronomalus, Gonibregin: itus—Geophilidae,

Tribe Cermatia—

SCHIZOTARSIA:

Order CHILOGNATA; on DIPLOPODS.—Tribe PEesta- ZONA: Zep shroniz 1, Glomeris—Glomeridae ..... 524

Tribe Moxozonta: Polydesnidae and Polyxenidae, ~ Tribe BiIZUNTMS Judie 2.4 seme ewes aa ceaieee wale - 525

CLASS ANN SULATA OR ANNELIDA;

it includes the Karth-Worms, the Leech, the in-

testinal Worms and other Worm-like Creatures. 527

Order SETIGERA Sabella, 7Uwlae. .. é

Vou. II,

; OR BRISTLE-BEARERS: Serpula, Terebella, and Shell- Binder — Amphi-

or TRUE SPIDERS w sil bie.3,ccnver Oe

E SCORPIONS 51:

Acaridae,.. Peee se OLE

CONTENTS.

Lug-Worms—Nereidae.. . Eunice— Euniceae . Cirrhatulus— Ariciae a Sea-Mouse—Aphroditidae

ee oO Chaetopterus — Chactopte ridae, — Earth - Worm —

LUMP VOLO AG rateen a: oneal MAU PO Aa ere ents dee es, oe eee dBA Order SUCTORIA; on SUCKERS ........ d39 Sub-Class ENTOZOA ; or INTERNAL WORMS. SF Order CAELELMINTHA, —Trive NEMATOIDEA: As- caris, Guinea Worm, “Hcvegaepbatus, Stongylus— Str ong ylididae eee rt oe ee 538 Order STERELMINTHA: ‘Tape- and Ray- Worm—Ces- WOLD BE. v0-4, sherara Aaasersteye 2. verter k Cacia eaten 539 Trichine— Trichotrachelidae ......-.. 00. e cece ees 540 CLASS RADIATA; oR ECHINODER- MATA. 541 Sub-Class DITREMATA.— Order HOLOTHUROIDEA: Sipunculus—Sitpunculidae. oo... ee eee 541 Priapulus—Priapulidae, — Spoon-W orm — Thalasse- WIRUEILE respi as Mearecctietas dl oars ev aiecle on slomd ne ies eae ea 542 Order HOLOTHUROIDEA: Sea Cucumbe Psolidae... 542 Pentacte—Pentactidae .........ccceeeeecscusccenes 543 Syn: apta— See tadae a in 3 a) ONG a pa Sia See ae eae 544 Order ECHINOIDEA: Sea-Urchins—Cicaridae ........... d44 Heart-Urchins—Spatangidae ........0 cee cece cece ee 546 Cake-Urchin, ete.—Clypeasteridae.. 2.20.0... 6... 54AT Bub: Olle HYPOSTOMATA. — Order ASTE ROIDEA OR STAR-FISHES: 549 Asterias, ete.—Asteriddae........cccccceeecceeeeee 551 Brittle. Stars—Ophitidaes... 5 ciunsiase ssmelssucecalsans 552 Shetland Argus—Hurydlnd.. 0.0.0... cee cece wees 553 Order CRINOIDEA: Feather Star, and................... 553 Médusa'sileads: 2 iaciSiesia on ecees ncaa eee nied do4 CLASS ACALEPHA; or Nettles, or Jelly-Fishes, or Hydroids. ; 556

Order SIPHONOPHORA; or SIP HON- BEARING MOL- LUSKS.—Present Classification of Je ‘Ily-Fishes:

Sallee Man—Velelladae....

Portuguese Man-o'-W ar—Physaliadae.

] diphye es—Diphyidae

Order CTENOPHOR:

A; on COMB-BEARE Rn: « Cydippe—

( ‘aliararidae, seus Bye atcha 562 Venus’ Girdle "Be roidae. ; 563 Order DISCOPHORA; or DISC-BE ARE RS. —Tribe Gy M- NOPHTHALMATA; or Nakrp-EyED Murpusa: Sarsia —Sarsiadae,--Kudora, and Aequorea--Aequoreadae d64 Tribe STEGANOPHTHALMATAS or Covernp-E YED Mrepusak:— Chrysaora, Rhizostoma—fiizostomadae. ........ 566 CLASS ZOOPHYTES; on ANIMAL PLANTS. 568 Order ACGTINOIDA; on RADICATED ZOOPHYTES.— Sub-Order ActTrNania: Pink Anemones—Luder- nariadae, ws Saks Sc ia we atatee Spsna eens e halsaeaees man boere 565 Green Ancinone s— Antheadae. — Pearlet Anemone, Putilets, and Vestlets— Hyanthidae,— Plumose Anemone, and Widow—Sagartiudae, . re 69 Warty Anemone— Bunodidae, oh atin mines 70 Actinia, and Crambactis— Actini 1dae.............. bil Fungia ’ Fungidae. —Cup-Corals—¢ ‘aryophylleadae, 572 Tree-Corals — Oculinidae, — Brain-Coral “(Astreea)— ASU QEQCEDE «3: sioics ait oem eive <cbeualeysielil ste eae alates 573 True Coral —Cor ticala,. niiyssaraS cy phadetaiat art arene oT4 Order ALCYONOIDA, e¢ ompri ising “Gorgonias, Sea-F ans, Sea-W hips, ete. 574 Gorgon: 1—Gor gontadae alec eis. OOF eta ane Ni bleiinne Boa Faster aukecmahaiat 57d Sea Pen— Pennatuladae.—Sea- Tive +—Alo yontidae . . 576 Order HYDROIDA: Tululariadae kA Nar Dayne trent A eae 576 Sertulariadae,—Bell-Goophy te 3 —C ‘amipanuar ‘jadae.. 577 The Coral Reefs of Florida................-.0008- 578 CLASS ROTIFERA; OR WHEEL ANIMALCULES. 581 CLASS RH IZOPODA; © OR ROOT- FOOTED PROTOZOAN Ss. 583 Sub-Class' PORAMINIFERA. «.. «°css0 sesleagee canadien 583 Swb-Class POUVOYS TIN Ay: ic artcrne sa eye teat vacances ete d84 CLASS INFUSORIA; oR MICRO- SCOPIC ANIMALS: 585 Vorticella—Perttmch.cs0. bec ccs evr eioeseiete cess 586 Sten tor—Aeteromrtch i -<cice ss ancs elec sects ieee veer 587 CLASS PORIFERA; oR SPONGES: 5187 Present Classification of Porifera,........00. e000 591

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OUR LIVING WORLD.

lees abies Pa i let

HE remarkable beings which are classed together under the general title of REPTILES, or creeping animals, are spread over those portions of the globe where the climate is tolerably warm, and are found in the greatest profusion under the hotter latitudes. Impatient of cold, though capable of sustaining a temperature of such freezing chilliness that any of the higher animals would perish under its severity, and for the most part being lovers of wet and swampy situations, the Reptiles swarm within the regions near the equator, and in the

rivers or vast morasses of the tropical countries the very soil appears to teem with their

strange and varied forms. Indeed, the number of Reptiles to be found in any country is roughly indicated by the parallels of latitude, the lands near the equator being the most prolific in these creatures, and containing fewer as they recede towards the poles.

Some Reptiles inhabit the dry and burning deserts ; but the generality of these creatures are semi-aquatic in their habits, are fitted by their structure for progression on Jand or in water, and are able to pass a considerable time below the surface without requiring to breathe.

This capacity is mostly the result of the manner in which the circulation and aeration of their blood is effected.

As has been shown in the two volumes on Mammalia and Birds, the heart in these animals is divided into a double set of compartments, technically termed auricles and ventricles, each set having no direct communication with the other. In the Reptiles, however, this structure is considerably modified, the arterial and venous blood finding a communication either within or just outside the two ventricals, so that the blood is never so perfectly aerated as in the higher animals. The blood is consequently much colder than in the creatures where the oxygen obtains a freer access to its particles.

In consequence of this organization the whole character of the Reptiles is widely different from that of the higher animals. Dull sluggishness seems to be the general character of a Reptile, for though there are some species which whisk about with lightning speed, and others, especially the larger lizards, can be lashed into a state of terrific frenzy by love, rage, or hunger, their ordinary movements are inert, their gestures express no feeling, and their eyes, though bright, are stony, cold, and passionless. Their mode of feeding accords with the general habits of their bodies, and the process of digestion is peculiarly slow.

Most of the Reptiles possess four legs, but are not supported wholly upon them, their bellies reaching the ground and being dragged along by the limbs. One or two species can support themselves in the air while passing from one tree to another, much after the fashion of the flying squirrels; and in former days, when Reptiles were apparently the highest race on the surface of the earth, certain species were furnished with wing-like developments of limb and skin, and could apparently flap their way along like the bats of the present time,

4 REPTILES.

Excepting some of the tortoise tribe, the Reptiles are carnivorous beings, and many of them, such as the crocodiles and alligators, are among the most terrible of rapacious creatures. In this class of animals we find the first examples of structures which transmute Nature’s harmless gifts into poison, a capacity which is very common in the later orders, such as the spiders and insects, and is developed to a terrible extent in some of the very lowest beings that possess animal life, rendering them most formidable even to man.

The skeleton of a true Reptile, from which class the Batrachians, 7. e. the frogs, salaman- ders, and their kin are excluded, for reasons which will presently be given, is composed of well-ossified bones, and is peculiarly valuable to the physiologist. It is well known to all who have studied the rudiments of anatomy, that each bone is formed from several centres, so to speak, consisting of mere cartilaginous substance at its earliest formation, and becoming gradually ossified from several spots.

In the young of the higher animals these centres are only seen during their very earliest stages, and are by degrees so fused together that all trace of them is obliterated. But in the Reptiles it is found that many of the bones either remain in their separate parts, or leave so distinct a mark at the place where they unite, that their shape and dimensions are clearly shown. In the head of the adult crocodile, for example, the frontal bone is composed of five distinct pieces, the temporal of at least five pieces, and each side of the lower jaw-bone is composed of either five or six portions united by sutures.

With the exception of the tortoises, the Reptiles mostly possess a goodly array of teeth, set in the jaw or palate, and as a general fact, being sharp and more or less curved backward. Their bodies are covered with various modifications of the structure termed the dermal, 7. e. skin skeleton, and are furnished with scales and plates of different forms. In some cases the scales lic overlapping each other like those of the fish, in others they are modified into knobby plates, and in some, of which the tortoises afford well-known examples, they form large flat plates on the back and breast, and seales upon the feet and legs.

The young of Reptiles are produced from eggs, mostly being hatched after they have been laid, but in some cases the young escape from the eggs before they make their appearance in the world. As a general fact, however, the eggs of Reptiles are placed in some convenient spot, where they are hatched by the heat of the sun. Some species are very jealous about their eges, keeping a strict watch over them, and several of the larger serpents have a curious fashion of laying the eggs ina heap, and then coiling themselves around them in a great hollow cone. The size of the eggs is extremely variable, for, although as a general fact those of the smaller Reptiles are large in proportion to the dimensions of the parent, those of the crocodiles and alligators are wonderfully small, not larger than those of our domestic geese, and in many cases much smaller. They are usually of a dil white color, and in some instances are without a brittle shell, their covering being of a tough leathery consistence.

In form, and often in color, the Reptiles exhibit an inexhaustible variety, and even each order displays a diversity of outward aspect unexampled in the two previous classes of Mammals and Birds. Strange, grotesque, and oftentimes most repulsive in appearance, though sometimes adorned with the brightest tints, the Reptiles excite an instinctive repug- nance in the human breast; and whether it be a lizard, a snake, or 2 tortoise, the sudden and unsuspected contact of one of these beings will cause even the most habituated to recoil from its cold touch, This antipathy may, perhaps, have some connection with the instinctive asso- ciation of cold with death ; but whatever may be the cause, the feeling is deep and universal.

eos ee eta hh.

TOPOS ES.

HE very curious reptiles which are known by the general name of ToRTOTSEs, are remarkable for affording the first example of a skeleton brought to the exterior of the body, a formation which is frequent enough in the lower orders, the crustaceans and insects being familiar examples thereof. In these reptiles the bones of the chest are developed into a curious kind of box, more or less perfect, which contains within itself all the muscles and the viscera, and in most cases can receive into its cavity the head, neck, and limbs; in one genus so effectually,

that when the animal has withdrawn its limbs and head, it is contained in a tightly closed

case without any apparent opening.

The shell of the Tortoise is divided into two portions, the upper being termed the cara- pace, and the lower the plastron.

The carapace is formed by a remarkable development of the vertebrae and ribs, which throw out flat processes, and are joined together by sutures like the bones of the skull. The back is therefore incapable of movement, and from the arched shape of the bones is wonder- fully strong when resting on the ground. In the Tortoises these bones are united throughout their entire length, but in the Turtles the ends of the ribs retain their original width.

The plastron is similarly formed of the breast-bone, which is thought in these creatures to be developed to the greatest extent of which it is capable. Tt is composed of nine pieces, each being formed from one of the bony centres already mentioned. These bones are arranged in four pairs, and one in the centre of the front.

Asall the limbs have to be worked from the interior of the chest, amid the vital organs and muscles for moving them, they undergo considerable modification. The shoulder-blade, for example, is a curious three-branched bone, quite unique among vertebrate animals, the portion which represents the true shoulder-blade being almost cylindrical, one of the branches flattened, and the other cylindrical, but larger than the real blade-bone. This structure admits of the attachment of powerful muscles, and gives to the fore limbs the great strength which is needed for digging, swimming, climbing, and various modes of exertion. The strong curved bones of the fore limbs bear an evident analogy to the corresponding parts in the mole, with its powerful claws and feet, and its very long blade-bone.

The horny substance commonly termed ‘“tortoise-shell,”’ which is spread in flattened plates on the exterior of the bony case, is thought to be a modification of the scales found on lizards, serpents, etc., and which exist on the legs and other parts of the Tortoises themselves. The row of horny pieces which are found on the edge of the carapace also belong to the ‘*dermal skeleton.”

The Tortoises are quite devoid of teeth, the edge of the jaws beimg sharp and horny, so as to inflict a severe wound ; and in many species one or both jaws are sharply licoked at the tip like a faleon’s beak. The neck is always rather long, and in many species can be protruded to a considerable extent. Generally, the process of thrusting the neck from the shell is a slow one, but the withdrawal is accomplished with marvellous rapidity, on account of certain long muscles which tie the neck to the back of the carapace. Possibly these muscles, together with their tendons, would, when dried in the baking sunshine, produce musical sounds when touched, and thus give rise to the old poetical legend of the origin of the lyre.